from the cape to cairo cartoon analysis

Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Smith, Arthur Henderson. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. | Library of Congress Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. - digital file from original print The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. Follow. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. Rus. - The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. History of Animation in Egypt. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. Opposing the British were the Mahdists, followers of the deceased Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi (d. 1885) who was a Sudanese political and religious leader of mixed Arab and African descent. Cape to Cairo: the Rhodes Colossus Author: Sambourne, Edward Linley Description: The idea of a connection between the southernmost and northernmost seabords of Africa was held for several decades as the Cape-to-Cairo fantasy, notably by Cecil Rhodes. 62, Issue 4,pp. A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. 1 print : chromolithograph. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. Misery Loves Company;but they hope soon to be out of it. Louis Dalrymple, Puck, March 20, 1901. And Peace Shall Rule. Udo Keppler,Puck, May 3, 1899. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. [Read Online]. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. https://gmu.zoom.us/j/92187991244, Please download and import the following iCalendar (.ics) files to your calendar system. The Rhodes Colossus by Lalo Vzquez - Prezi Spencer, David R. "No Laughing Matter. The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. Co., Puck Bldg. Having defeated China in 189495, Japan is presented by Columbia (the U.S.) to her closest ally, Britannia (Great Britain). Activity: Imperialism Cartoons - The World - G.E. Beasley (1902) From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Presentation: History of Egyptian Animation and how BAKKAR the animated The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. Photograph. - Page updated: Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. Orig. Rus. Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine C Theodore Roosevelt critiques a chapter of Elbert F. Baldwin's book, The World War: How it Looks t A bruised John Bull offers a "Tonic" of "Financial Help" and "Liberal Treatment" to an injured and Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. ***, Topic: History 125 Virtual Edition Take a look at the pictures and answer the questions to determine what these cartoons tell us about the era of imperialism. The foothold in the Philippines brought China within reach. [Read Online]. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. | The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Vultures hover above the procession, and the artifacts of past civilization are trampled underfoot at the rear. [View Extract]. Citing Primary Sources. In the popular imagination the Cape-to-Cairo railway of the future presented itself as a continuous line of railway . The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. 377. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Explain the message within this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included in it. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. 18, No. Please use: Dr. Beasleys Calendar to book appointment times. "Major Grogan's Moves," EAS (15 November 1919), 7. The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902 Puck graphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. The enlarged detail below reveals that the flags of the opponents say the same thing in different words, each justifying their wars to uphold the principle of the Golden Rule., Are our teachings, then, in vain? Udo Keppler,Puck, October 3, 1900. Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. Reference staff can If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in What impact might this have on its perspective or bias? Twains most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, was published in the February, 1901 issue of the North American Review. 1 (October 7, 2013). Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. The French leftwing magazine LAssiette au Beurre (The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. What are the motivations/justifications for this anti-imperialism? White man's burden--1900-1910, - Source:The Weimar Classics Foundation. such as microfilm or copy prints? Co., Puck Bldg., NY [New York: Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, NY. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. The caption reads: The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? The March of the Strenuous Civilization. C. S. Taylor,Life, April 11, 1901. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. In the U.S., the 1860s Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy. He was the fifth son of Francis William Rhodes and his second wife, Louisa Peacock. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. Vol. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. The image argues that a crisis point has been reached and the caption states, Some One Must Back Up., Some One Must Back Up. Victor Gillam,Judge, December 8, 1900. From Cape to Cairo: An African Odyssey - Goodreads So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. John Bull Good 'evins! 12, Issue 1, pp. Given the fact that Twain was famous and widely admired for his outspokenness, it is especially disconcerting to learn that he and his close supporters concluded that challenging the mystique of civilization and progress in such stark terms was not feasible given the political and religious fervor of the times. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. Civilization (to China). Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. William H. Walker,Life, April 25, 1901. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. - Now there are thirteen on this one street! Prints and Photographs division. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. Think It Over. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled Civilization with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled Barbarism. Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. Priests Horribly Tortured. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. The Cape Town To Cairo Tour Remains One Of Travel's Pinnacle - Forbes And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. In the United States Puck, Judge, and the first version of a pictorial magazine titled Life; in France LAssiette au Beurre; and in Germany the acerbic Simplicissimus published masterful illustrations that ranged in opinion and style from partisan to thoughtful to gruesome. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. A year later, Judge magazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. Although applicable for all exam boards the. and Distributor, 2004). Treaty of Versailles - Cartoon Analysis (Guillotine) - YouTube Citing Primary Sources. Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. Mish Mish Effendi cartoon 1930s. Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. Who is present in this cartoonor perhaps a better question is, who is not present? LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. And, more subtly yet, it reflected the shift from the nations agrarian roots toward global engagement. In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages of LAssiette au Beurre to call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of the white mans burden. His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption United Kingdom (Le Royaume-Uni). All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. Jacobs joined the Cape of Good Hope SPCA this week. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. After Many Years. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. Keppler portrays the conflict between the British and Sudanese as a struggle of the representatives of civilization against the forces of barbarism. Although the imagery used to depict the barbarians is not specifically evocative of the Middle East, it is a reflection of the predominant Western attitude toward the enterprise of colonialism and imperialism at the dawn of the twentieth century. Weekly: https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. to our monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. The caption at their feet exclaims United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!, 'United We Stand for Civilization and Peace! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 8, 1898. Wrapped in Kerosene-Soaked Cotton and Roasted to Death., In this same horrified mode, the July 28 cover of Harpers Weeklya publication that carried the subtitle A Journal of Civilizationdepicted demonic Boxers brandishing primitive weapons, carrying severed heads on pikes, and trampling a child wrapped in the American flag. In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! The scene above turns the tables on the Harpers Weekly cover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. The Rhodes Colossus - Wikipedia View Rhodes_cartoon_analysis+FINAL.docx from HIS 123 at Duval Charter School at Baymeadows. | Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". [Read Online]. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical, The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. The weekly magazine Judge, a rival to Puck that was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. "MOJ 75-A 495": intended for microfilm. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. Language. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Source:Library of Congress. The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. 3, pp. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. As the golden goose, Chinas perceived mass market was to be protected for free trade against takeover by increasingly assertive foreign powers. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut, states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. The famous cartoon demonstrates Rhodes dream. Cohen, Paul A. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. Source: Bibliothque nationale de France. ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. Cape to Cairo: the Rhodes Colossus - Spotlight at Stanford Keppler, U. J. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. T Time A Action A man stand up over a land C Caption The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo O Objects A giant man, boots, land, a hat, clouds a gun, uniform. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. TR Center - From the Cape to Cairo - Theodore Roosevelt Center 1898, Donaldson Litho Co. Maine. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. In this activity, you will first analyze political cartoons about imperialism, and then create your own anti-imperialist cartoon. The North American Review. The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. At the same time, however, the suppression of The War Prayer helps highlight the courage and critical edge that many political cartoonists brought to the very same subject of spreading death and destruction in the name of civilization and progress. 'An animal hero has fallen': Cape Town vet stabbed to death after 730-735 (2008). From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. In Kiplings often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in savage wars of peace.. Duplication Services Web site. , 1902. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race." From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. Powered by WordPress. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. You will probably need to use the links or conduct additional research to find the information to answer these questions. Colonists--British--1900-1910. Prisoners will not be taken! There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. War on Earth. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. Life published many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggressiondespoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocideoften awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. Written by the French Africanist and . The sign on the shores of England reads, John Bull The old reliable ship builder since 1861. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain.

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