which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

In areas of dense, stratified indigenous populations, especially Mesoamerica and the Andean region, Spanish conquerors awarded perpetual private grants of labor and tribute to particular indigenous settlements, in encomienda they were in a privileged position to accumulate private wealth. The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. Gold and silver began to connect European nations through trade, and the Spanish money supply ballooned, which signified the beginning of the economic system known as, Riches poured in from the colonies, and new ideas poured in from other countries and new lands. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. Large deposits were found in a single mountain in the viceroyalty of Peru, the Cerro Rico, in what is now Bolivia, and in several places outside of the dense indigenous zone of settlement in northern Mexico, Zacatecas and Guanajuato. Viceroys served as the vice-patron of the Catholic Church, including the Inquisition, established in the seats of the viceroyalties (Mexico City and Lima). History of Latin America | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. [92] Indigenous noblemen were particularly important in the early period of colonization, since the economy of the encomienda was initially built on the extraction of tribute and labor from the commoners in their communities. [119] Their functions were governing the respective municipalities, administering of justice and being appellate judges in the alcaldes menores' judgments,[120] but only the corregidor could preside over the cabildo. He also had to attract participants to the expedition who staked their own lives and meager fortunes on the expectation of the expedition's success. [102], In 1524 the Council of the Indies was established, following the system of system of Councils that advised the monarch and made decisions on his behalf about specific matters of government. In Mexico, Bishop Juan de Zumrraga prosecuted and had executed in 1539 a Nahua lord, known as Don Carlos of Texcoco for apostasy and sedition for having converted to Christianity and then renounced his conversion and urged others to do so as well. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paran River from Asuncin, now the capital of Paraguay. London, England: Penguin Classics. During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites. They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. A social system in which class status is determined at birth. [101], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations. The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects. On 12 October 1492, Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus made landfall in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1493 permanent Spanish settlement of the Americas began.[4]. As a result of Spanish colonization of the New World, there was a Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. [98][99] The history of the Guaran has also been the subject of a recent study. Lesson summary: The Spanish empire (article) | Khan Academy Las Casas was officially appointed Protector of the Indians and spent his life arguing forcefully on their behalf. The correct statements regarding the culture and geography of Latin America are as follows - . A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . chapter one Inquizitive questions Flashcards | Quizlet The establishment of large, permanent Spanish settlements attracted a whole range of new residents, who set up shop as carpenters, bakers, tailors and other artisan activities. Ida Altman, S.L. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. The Kingdom of Portugal authorized a series of voyages down the coast of Africa and when they rounded the southern tip, were able to sail to India and further east. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. [60] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. Equally important, rich deposits of the valuable metal silver. Western Venezuela's history took an atypical direction in 1528, when Spain's first Hapsburg monarch, Charles I granted rights to colonize to the German banking family of the Welsers. Two major factors affected the density of Spanish settlement in the long term. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? The spanish, of course, wanted power over natives and africans (and justified their power and enforced it through various means), so created the caste system. The names of two indigenous leaders (caciques) who rebelled against Spanish colonization, Enriquillo and Hatuey in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), have become important.[12]. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. The crown relied on ecclesiastics as important councilors and royal officials in the governance of their overseas territories. "Blasco Nez Vela" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. [161], The Mission was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaran in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal. lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca was one of four survivors of that expedition, writing an account of it. The Proclamation Line of 1763 was drawn by the British along the Appalachian Mountains. Other imports were figs, apricots, cherries, pears, and peaches among others. Judges (oidores) held "formidable power. I believe the caste system in new spain decided who got certain rights and not. Unit 2: Colonial America Test Review Quiz - Quizizz God, Gold, and Glory. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. 1992. In Peru, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) demanded that the Incan Emperor Atahualpa (ca. There were a variable number of councilors (regidores), depending on the size of the town, also two municipal judges (alcaldes menores), who were judges of first instance, and also other officials as police chief, inspector of supplies, court clerk, and a public herald. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. Venezuela: The Colonial Era in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. [116], After the reign of Philip II, the municipal offices, including the councilors, were auctioned to alleviate the need for money of the Crown, even the offices could also be sold, which became hereditary,[117] so that the government of the cities went on to hands of urban oligarchies. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. The crown of Castile financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys, a pattern they would not repeat elsewhere. 10 Facts About the Spanish Conquistadors - ThoughtCo The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. [6] These formal arrangements between Spain and Portugal and the pope were ignored by other European powers, with the French, the English, and the Dutch seizing territory in the Caribbean and in North America claimed by Spain but not effectively settled. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. Timeline of the European colonization of North America [29], Southward colonization by the Spanish in Chile halted after the conquest of Chilo Archipelago in 1567. [1], The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. Motivations for Colonization - National Geographic Society providing opportunities for colonists to participate in government. Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. [104] With the 1508 papal grant to the crown of the Patronato real, the crown, rather than the pope, exercised absolute power over the Catholic Church in the Americas and the Philippines, a privilege the crown zealously guarded against erosion or incursion. Question. The first two were in the Alto Per, present-day Bolivia, at Charcas (present day Sucre, 25 May), and La Paz (16 July); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (10 August). The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. [55][56] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. Direct link to d042's post how do I Define the term , Posted 3 years ago. Q. The creation of the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the diocesan clergy marked a turning point in the crown's control over the religious sphere. Caste system. I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. Hello everyone can someone help me check my answers?? Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. Settlements/Geography In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. Princeton University Press, 1984. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMecham1966 (, Burkholder, Mark A. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. Crown approval through the Council of the Indies was needed for the establishment of bishoprics, building of churches, appointment of all clerics. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. Melville, Elinor G.K. A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico. He wrote many petitions, treatises, and books on the subject of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.His most famous works included the Historia apologtica (Apologetic History) and the Brevsima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies).The former was written as an introduction to a proposed . [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. Although during the rule of Charles V, the Spanish Empire was the first to be called "The empire on which the sun never sets", under Philip II the permanent colonization of the Philippine Islands made it demonstrably true. [156], For the conquest of Mexico, a 2019 eight-episode Mexican TV miniseries Hernn depicts the conquest of Mexico. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. [152] 1492: The Conquest of Paradise stars Grard Depardieu as Columbus and Sigorney Weaver as Queen Isabel. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. Image credit: Columbuss discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. This is not a fabrication; indigenous death to such diseases claimed around 50% in Tenochtitlan and up to 90% elsewhere on the continent. [70], After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver and imagined converting thousands . Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. "[126] On the frontier of empire, Indians were seen as sin razn, ("without reason"); non-Indian populations were described as gente de razn ("people of reason"), who could be mixed-race castas or black and had greater social mobility in frontier regions. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. Direct link to 21HernandezRa28's post What are some specific ex, Posted 3 years ago. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. Las Casas spent his long life attempting to defend the indigenous populations and to enlist the Spanish crown in establishing protections for them, seen most prominently in the enactment of the New Laws of 1542, restricting Spaniards' inheritance of encomiendas. 84-85. Direct link to David Alexander's post Leaving native people alo, Posted 5 years ago. Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. ", Weber, David J. Which statements accurately describe the culture or geography - Brainly The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) in Seville. Their colonial governments reflected the model of a two-house Parliament and long-cherished civil liberties. [77] Upon their failure to effectively protect the indigenous and following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru, more stringent laws to control conquerors' and settlers' exercise of power, especially their maltreatment of the indigenous populations, were promulgated, known as the New Laws (1542). How did native people shape the course of Spanish conquest? Spanish settlement in Mexico largely replicated the organization of the area in preconquest times while in Peru, the center of the Incas was too far south, too remote, and at too high an altitude for the Spanish capital. Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. 1531); Guadalajara (153142); Valladolid (now Morelia), (152941); Antequera (now Oaxaca(152529); Campeche (1541); and Mrida. The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these systems to extract wealth. [150] With the 1992 commemoration (and critique) of Columbus, more cinematic and television depictions of the era appeared, including a TV miniseries with Gabriel Byrne as Columbus. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. Upon the success of the expedition, the spoils of war were divvied up in proportion to the amount a participant initially staked, with the leader receiving the largest share. New foods greatly benefitted Europeans, whose population increased, while infectious diseases . Direct link to #I'mBatman's post The lack of Gold and the , Posted 3 years ago. Put in chronological order the following events that happened during the Spanish exploration of North America. Spaniards established a network of settlements in areas they conquered and controlled. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. "[110], Their main function was judicial, as a court of justice of second instance court of appeal in penal and civil matters, but also the Audiencias were courts the first instance in the city where it had its headquarters, and also in the cases involving the Royal Treasury. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico.". Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). Q2: Option D. The primary economic interest of French and Dutch colonists in North America was the fur trade. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the SpanishAmerican War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. The first settlement of La Navidad, a crude fort built on his first voyage in 1492, had been abandoned by the time he returned in 1493. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. Cuman in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas,[14] in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernndez de Serpa's foundation in 1569. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. [37] Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumn in what is now northwest Argentina. [citation needed]. Cuba and Puerto Rico were lost to the United States in 1898, following the SpanishAmerican War, ending its colonial rule in the Americas. [148] Only the most valuable low bulk products would be exported. The Spanish became wealthy from mining large amounts of gold C. The Spanish became wealthy from fur trapping D. Spanish colonies were largely established as havens from . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Spanish colon. In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession of most of Spanish America and the establishment of independent nations. [3] Alarmed by the precipitous fall in indigenous populations and reports of settlers' exploitation of their labor, the crown put in place laws to protect their newly converted indigenous vassals. [25][26][27][28] Not until the conquest of the Incan Empire, which used similar tactics and began in 1532, was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scale of either territory or treasure. European colonization of North America expanded through Spanish colonists establishing themselves in present-day Florida in the 1500s and English colonists doing so farther up the East Coast in the 1600s. Leaving native people alone would not satisfy the blood lust of the Conquistadores, or the gold fever that drew them to want to take whatever they saw of value. Once on the mainland, where there were dense indigenous populations in urban settlements, the Spanish could build a Spanish settlement on the same site, dating its foundation to when that occurred. Far more famous now is Lope de Aguirre, who led a mutiny against Ursa, who was murdered. The Viceroyalty of Per was established in 1542. Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. For all practical purposes, this was slavery. [130] Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. "Chile: Colonial Foundations" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. The Spaniards persuaded the leaders of Aztec vassals and Tlaxcala (a city-state never conquered by the Aztecs), to ally with them against the Aztecs. In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. [18][19], It wasn't until[when?] Even by the mid-1510s, the western Caribbean was largely unexplored by Spaniards. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitln. 1875. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. The Spanish Empire could not have ruled these vast territories and dense indigenous populations without utilizing the existing indigenous political and economic structures at the local level. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. Permanent Spanish settlements were founded in New Mexico, starting in 1598, with Santa Fe founded in 1610. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. There was quite a bit of gold coming in. These were often led by secondary leaders, such as Pedro de Alvarado. Religion played an important role in the Spanish conquest and incorporation of indigenous peoples, bringing them into the Catholic Church peacefully or by force. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. Spaniards saw the dense populations of indigenous peoples as an important economic resource and the territory claimed as potentially producing great wealth for individual Spaniards and the crown. Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. Q4 . He was subsequently tried and convicted of cruelty to both natives and colonists and banished from New Mexico for life.[52]. [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. 37 (2) May 1957. AMH2010 InQuizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. [20][21][22], The capture of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II, by Corts was not a brilliant stroke of innovation, but came from the playbook that the Spanish developed during their period in the Caribbean.

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