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After his trip to Siwa, Alexander was crowned in the temple of Ptah at Memphis. Why was Alexander the Great called "the Great"? [103], In 329 BC, Spitamenes, who held an undefined position in the satrapy of Sogdiana, betrayed Bessus to Ptolemy, one of Alexander's trusted companions, and Bessus was executed. [113] Alexander sent back vast sums from his conquest, which stimulated the economy and increased trade across his empire. [283] The Corinthian order is also heavily represented in the art of Gandhara, especially through Indo-Corinthian capitals. [149][152] The accounts were nevertheless fairly consistent in designating Antipater, recently removed as Macedonian viceroy, replaced by Craterus, and at odds with Olympias, as the head of the alleged plot. [22], During his youth, Alexander was also acquainted with Persian exiles at the Macedonian court, who received the protection of Philip II for several years as they opposed Artaxerxes III. The Great Macedonian King on the Buddhist Trail. This is in line with the description of him given by the Greek biographer Plutarch (c. 45 c.120AD): The outward appearance of Alexander is best represented by the statues of him which Lysippus made, and it was by this artist alone that Alexander himself thought it fit that he should be modelled. [134], Alexander sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest back to Persia through the more difficult southern route along the Gedrosian Desert and Makran. When Alexander reached age 13, Philip summoned Aristotle to the Macedonian court. One of his generals, Ptolemy, got control of Alexander the Great's body and brought it to Memphis, Egypt, in 321 B.C., Chris Naunton . During this turmoil, the Illyrians invaded Macedonia, only to be repelled by Alexander. This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[301] containing many dubious stories,[299] and was translated into numerous languages. [110], When Alexander set out for Asia, he left his general Antipater, an experienced military and political leader and part of Philip II's "Old Guard", in charge of Macedon. [223], Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences. The Vergina Sun symbol was the subject in a controversy in the first half of 1990s between Greece and the newly independent Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia), which adopted it as a symbol of Macedonian nationalism and depicted it on its national flag. [85], Babylonian astronomical diaries say that "the king of the world, Alexander" sent his scouts with a message to the people of Babylon before entering the city: "I shall not enter your houses". That is the stuff that emotional leaders are made of. [175][176] However, more recently, it has been suggested that it may date from earlier than Abdalonymus's death. [13], In his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse, Lanike, sister of Alexander's future general Cleitus the Black. [131] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium. [299] His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in Cilicia as drawing back from him in proskynesis. The horns of Ammon were curling ram horns, used as a symbol of the Egyptian deity Ammon (also spelled Amun or Amon). The tomb of Alexander the Great is attested in several historical accounts, but its current exact location remains an enduring mystery. Alexander the Great Facts, Information and Biography Greek Hero Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized:Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great,[a] was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious. [135] Alexander reached Susa in 324 BC, but not before losing many men to the harsh desert. [293], Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that Caracalla visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the Aristotelian school based on a legend that Aristotle had poisoned Alexander. Having damaged the enemy's cohesion, Philip ordered his troops to press forward and quickly routed them. Alexander then faced the Assakenoi, who fought against him from the strongholds of Massaga, Ora and Aornos. "[263] This inscription is one of the few independent archaeological discoveries confirming an episode from Alexander's life. Gordian knot | proverbial term | Britannica [250], Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life. [51] Alexander spared Arrhidaeus, who was by all accounts mentally disabled, possibly as a result of poisoning by Olympias. [225] His delusions of grandeur are readily visible in his will and in his desire to conquer the world,[153] in as much as he is by various sources described as having boundless ambition,[226][227] an epithet, the meaning of which has descended into a historical clich. Alexander founded a series of new cities, all called Alexandria, including modern Kandahar in Afghanistan, and Alexandria Eschate ("The Furthest") in modern Tajikistan. [79] To legitimize taking power and be recognized as the descendant of the long line of pharaohs, Alexander made sacrifices to the gods at Memphis and went to consult the famous oracle of Amun-Ra at the Siwa Oasis. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC. [109] It remains unclear if Callisthenes was actually involved in the plot, for prior to his accusation he had fallen out of favour by leading the opposition to the attempt to introduce proskynesis. [284] The Macriani, a Roman family that in the person of Macrinus briefly ascended to the imperial throne, kept images of Alexander on their persons, either on jewellery, or embroidered into their clothes. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious. Alexander himself took selected troops on the direct route to the city. In 335 BC, shortly after his assumption of kingship over Macedon, he campaigned in the Balkans and reasserted control over Thrace and Illyria before marching on the city of Thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. The song 'Alexander the Great' by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden is indicative. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" His portrait types were utilized and . Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. [62] Alexander had no obvious or legitimate heir, his son Alexander IV by Roxane being born after Alexander's death. A considerable accession of power was granted him after the death of Philip, son of Machatas; and he was allowed to retain his authority at the death of Alexander himself (323 BC), as well as in the subsequent partition of the provinces at Triparadisus, 321 BC. [166] Natural-cause theories also tend to emphasize that Alexander's health may have been in general decline after years of heavy drinking and severe wounds. Alexander eventually agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. [181], During his final years, and especially after the death of Hephaestion, Alexander began to exhibit signs of megalomania and paranoia. [42] Accordingly, Alexander returned to Macedon after six months due to the efforts of a family friend, Demaratus, who mediated between the two parties. Alexander the Great Pendant, Ancient Greece Necklace, Gold K14 and Silver Coin Jewelry, Greek Key Coin, History pendant, Perfect Greek Gift. [107], The foundation of the "new" Smyrna was also associated with Alexander. [59], News then reached Alexander that the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. Macedonian silver tetradrachm with Alexander the Great wearing Lion's Scalp On August 2, 338 BC, the Macedonians defeated the Greeks at Chaeronea in central Greece and conquered their country. [286] Alexander was used by these writers as an example of ruler values such as amicita (friendship) and clementia (clemency), but also iracundia (anger) and cupiditas gloriae (over-desire for glory). [116] Alexander minted gold staters, silver tetradrachms and drachims, and various fractional bronze coins. Macedonia And Greece Fight For Rights To Name And Alexander The Great [100] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with Darius. military genius. [13] During Philip's absence, the Thracian tribe of Maedi revolted against Macedonia. [144][216][243] Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander. [259], Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. [33], As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea, Boeotia. After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.[171]. While Philip was occupied in Thrace, Alexander was ordered to muster an army for a campaign in southern Greece. During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death. Though advised to use diplomacy, Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry and rode south towards Thessaly. Alexander not only returned Ambhi his title and the gifts but he also presented him with a wardrobe of "Persian robes, gold and silver ornaments, 30 horses and 1,000 talents in gold". 14K Gold Alexander The Great Greek Macedonian King Thin Pendant . [42] Philip exiled four of Alexander's friends, Harpalus, Nearchus, Ptolemy and Erigyius, and had the Corinthians bring Thessalus to him in chains. [309] The majority of modern researchers of the Quran as well as Islamic commentators identify Dhu al-Qarnayn as Alexander the Great. [263] The temple was designed by Pytheos, one of the architects of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Many of these areas remained in Macedonian hands or under Greek influence for the next 200300 years. Alexander the Great was an ancient king of Macedon (present-day Macedonia). What Does Alexander the Great Have to Do with Buddhist Imagery? He founded more than twenty cities, with the most prominent being the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Personal relationships of Alexander the Great, List of cities founded by Alexander the Great, Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great, Italian campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, Chronology of European exploration of Asia, Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Anabasis of Alexander, by Arrian", contemporary Babylonian account of the battle of Gaugamela, "a contemporary account of the battle of Gaugamela", "The Anabasis of Alexander; or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great. [266][267], Suda wrote that Alexander built a big temple to Sarapis. None of Alexander's contemporaries, however, are known to have explicitly described Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion as sexual, though the pair was often compared to Achilles and Patroclus, whom classical Greek culture painted as a couple. [43] However, it appears Philip never intended to disown his politically and militarily trained son. During his brief months in Egypt, he reformed the taxation system on the Greek models and organized the military occupation of the country, but, early in 331 BC, he left for Asia in pursuit of the Persians. Nicolle, David (2000). Gordian Knot - Wikipedia [194] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3km (1.86mi). [107] Following Alexander's death, many Greeks who had settled there tried to return to Greece. Olympias had Cleopatra Eurydice, and Europa, her daughter by Philip, burned alive. Omphis (Indian name Ambhi), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit. Eventually, the two sides reconciled, and after the birth of Alexander IV, he and Philip III were appointed joint kings, albeit in name only. [184], Dissension and rivalry soon affected the Macedonians, however. [307] Alexander was depicted as performing a Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) many times in subsequent Islamic art and literature. Because of the visual similarity, they were also associated with the fossils shells of ancient snails and cephalopods, the latter now known . [208][209][210] In The Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian is quoted as saying, "he had one eye dark as the night, and one blue as the sky". [167][168] According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever". He lost another child when Roxana miscarried at Babylon. Alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a Greek invasion of Arabia. ", "Was Alexander The Great Poisoned By Toxic Wine? Personal relationships of Alexander the Great - Wikipedia They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. Outstanding Accomplishments of Alexander the Great 74. He had conquered the Persian Empire, traveled farther east than the god Dionysus, and survived a multitude of war wounds. Throughout time, art objects related to Alexander were being created. . [16] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt. Struck under Balakros or Menes, circa 333-327 BC", "Images of Authority II: The Greek Example", Alexander: Selected Texts from Arrian, Curtius and Plutarch, The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, "World map according to Eratosthenes (194 B.C. Legends say that two boys from Bactria, Tapassu and Bahallika, visited . [173][174], Pompey, Julius Caesar and Augustus all visited the tomb in Alexandria, where Augustus, allegedly, accidentally knocked the nose off. [19], When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutor, and considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippus, the latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to take up the post. Campaigning against the Greek city of Perinthus, Alexander reportedly saved his father's life. (a symbol associated with Alexander), which is now in the . The satrapies handed out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general used to bid for power. [290], After Caracalla concluded his campaign against the Alamanni, it became evident that he was inordinately preoccupied with Alexander the Great. [187] Craterus started to carry out Alexander's commands, but the successors chose not to further implement them, on the grounds they were impractical and extravagant. ISBN 1-84176-091-9. The territory was colonized, and a city, named Alexandropolis, was founded. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. Alexander III 'the Great'. Along the way his army conquered the Malhi (in modern-day Multan) and other Indian tribes and Alexander sustained an injury during the siege. [153][162], Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy in modern times. The famous encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic occurred during Alexander's stay in Corinth. According to local customs, the setting sun was considered a symbol of ruin. [71] He offered a peace treaty that included the lands he had already lost, and a ransom of 10,000 talents for his family. There, his closest friend, Hephaestion, died of illness or poisoning. [310], The Syriac version of the Alexander Romance portrays him as an ideal Christian world conqueror who prayed to "the one true God". When Alexander died at the age of 32, he ruled a territory that spanned three continents and covered nearly 2 million square miles. [271], The core of the Hellenistic culture promulgated by the conquests was essentially Athenian. [17] Of these, Arrian is generally considered the most reliable, given that he used Ptolemy and Aristobulus as his sources, closely followed by Diodorus. [288][289], Pompey posed as the "new Alexander" since he was his boyhood hero. [130], East of Porus's kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. A history steeped in myth portrait head | British Museum It included: The enormous scale of these plans has led many scholars to doubt their historicity. The Theban resistance was ineffective, and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Boeotian cities. "[247] Some modern historians (e.g., Robin Lane Fox) believe not only that Alexander's youthful relationship with Hephaestion was sexual, but that their sexual contacts may have continued into adulthood, which went against the social norms of at least some Greek cities, such as Athens,[248][249] though some modern researchers have tentatively proposed that Macedonia (or at least the Macedonian court) may have been more tolerant of homosexuality between adults. He also received news of a Thracian uprising. Alexander immediately headed south. [170], While Alexander's funeral cortege was on its way to Macedon, Ptolemy seized it and took it temporarily to Memphis. His chroniclers recorded valuable information about the areas through which he marched, while the Greeks themselves got a sense of belonging to a world beyond the Mediterranean. [219][222] However, he had little interest in sports or the Olympic Games (unlike his father), seeking only the Homeric ideals of honour (tim) and glory (kudos). The reason is that Alexander the Great wasand still isa powerful symbol of power, military genius, and conquest, whether or not this description of him is historically accurate. While he was sleeping, the goddess appeared and told him to found a city there and move into it the Smyrnaeans from the "old" city. [102] Pierre Briant explains that Alexander realized that it was insufficient to merely exploit the internal contradictions within the imperial system as in Asia Minor, Babylonia or Egypt; he also had to (re)create a central government with or without the support of the Iranians. [272] The close association of men from across Greece in Alexander's army directly led to the emergence of the largely Attic-based "koine", or "common" Greek dialect. [b] After the fall of Persia, the Macedonian Empire held a vast swath of territory between the Adriatic Sea and the Indus River. [13] Plutarch stated that Philip, overjoyed at this display of courage and ambition, kissed his son tearfully, declaring: "My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. [147] Alexander developed a fever, which worsened until he was unable to speak. [192] The Macedonian phalanx, armed with the sarissa, a spear 6 metres (20ft) long, had been developed and perfected by Philip II through rigorous training, and Alexander used its speed and manoeuvrability to great effect against larger but more disparate Persian forces. [141] In an attempt to craft a lasting harmony between his Macedonian and Persian subjects, Alexander held a mass marriage of his senior officers to Persian and other noblewomen at Susa, but few of those marriages seem to have lasted much beyond a year. [104] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. Horns of Ammon - Wikipedia At first, the cities must have been inhospitable, little more than defensive garrisons. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessalonki, Greece]died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-illah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336-323 bce ), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic

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