micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

This lines up with M. luteus resistances from the tests. The identified reads only made up a total of twenty seven percent of the total reads, but the majority of those reads were for M. luteus. Included in the observation of the morphology of the colony is the effect that the bacterial growth has on the sheep erythrocytes in the agar medium. Micrococcus Public Health Agency of Canada., Public Health England. . (2) Micrococcus spp. Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. When looking back at all the data, it is fairly likely that the isolate is Micrococcus luteus, especially when looking at the fluid thyoglycate test, the colony morphology, and the antibiotic susceptibility. The bacterium also colonizes the mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract. Discussion: When looking at all of the results for my isolate, they are not all consistent with Micrococcus luteus. These residential skin organisms are also fairly ubiquitous in the environment. // For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. Microbes are too small to be seen by the naked eye; they can survive in conditions that many would think are unlivable like the anaerobic environment in the rumen of cows, hot springs, and cold Antarctic waters (What are microbes, 2010). The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. J Gen Microbiol 30(1963)409-427 . Catalase, if present, will break down the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Where the M. luteus can cause severe skin infections and is sometimes clinically mistaken for Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. For the micrococci, susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents, bacitracin and furazolidone, as well as the modified oxidase test can be performed to distinguish this group from the staphylococci. I suspect that the API 20E test strip results were negated by having used an inactive colony, as the fluid thyoglycate test failed as well. I performed many tests to find out the colony morphology and physiology. Enterobacter aerogenes fermented the sugars but turned to the amino acids. I grew my bacteria on an Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with methylene blue which selects for gram negative bacteria. Micrococcus as the cause of infections is easy to overlook because the infections that are caused by this bacterium are rare as well as the bacterium is a natural part of the skin's bacterial flora. Intermediates or end products of these varied metabolic activities can be detected by performing biochemical assays on a bacterial culture. This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin virus when they are grown on toxic organic pollutants like pyridine. Gram Staining. They are likely involved in the biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants or detoxification. The microscopic morphology of the organisms as visualized using the Grams stain can give initial clues as to the possible identification of the organism. They can be found in boiling hot springs; they can be found in frigid waters in the artic. The microdase test is a rapid method to differentiate Staphylococcus (-ve) from Micrococcus +ve) by detection of the enzyme oxidase. . Gram Stain:Gram-positive cocci, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus. Organisms commonly found on the body include Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium species (Dermnet New Zeland). Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. Bacteria Detail., The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. Only those with compromised immune systems are thought to be susceptible to an infection.DisinfectionM. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and . Micrococcus Catalase Test: The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. The agglutinability of the cells with antiserum containing anti-teichuronic acid antibody was examined. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. Oxidase (modified oxidase) test: Positive. Internet Scientific Publications Micrococcus: Introduction, Classification, Morphology, Pathogenecity PDF Micrococcus - KSU Examples of the colony morphology associated with each family is represented on this slide. The organism itself is susceptible to almost all drugs, with a few strains being resistant to nitrofurantoin, macrolides and lincomycin (Public Health Canada). This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. The Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit provides convenient and simple step-by-step method for isolating quality genomic DNA from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species. They are seldom motile and are non-sporing. The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. 1 Nevertheless they have been documented to be causative organisms in cases of bacteremia, endocarditis, ventriculitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, endophthalmitis, keratolysis and septic arthritis. Each genus lends itself to a separate tutorial. Cell surface of Micrococcus luteus: chemical treatment of the - PubMed Micrococcus Luteus is a gram positive, non-motile, non-sporing cocci belonging to micrococcea family. They usually can occur in the irregular clusters, tetrads, and in pairs, where the individual cells are about one to 1.8 mm in diameter and these are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming in nature. This test had VP, HIP, ESC, PYRA, aGAL, bGUR, bGAL, PAL, LAP, ADH, RIB, ARA, MAN, SOR, LAC, TRE, INU, RAF, AMD, and GLYG tests. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of actinobacteria with a circular chromosome of 2,501,097 base pairs and a GC content of 73%. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. Micrococcus luteus is a constituent of the normal human buccal bacterial flora which forms yellowish colonies and appears as a gram-positive coccus typically arranged in tetrads. When using a fluid thyoglycollate test it resulted in the isolate being a strict aerobe, with all of the bacterium being at the top of the medium where it is oxygenic. Micrococcus was first isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1929, as Micrococcus lysodeikticus before it was known as micrococcus luetus (Ganz et al, 2002) Micrococcus is generally thought of as harmless bacterium, but there have been rare cases of Micrococcus infections in people with compromised immune systems, as occurs with HIV patients. Shape (Cocci/Diplococci/Rods) Cocci. This would be read as K/A. Rawis M, and AK Ellis (2019). The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. Environmental Isolate Case Files: Micrococcus luteus The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. They are also catalase-positive and often weakly oxidase-positive ( modified oxidase test positive). Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. The Culture Collections represent deposits of cultures from world-wide sources. Perkins1, Sarah D., Jennie Mayfield2, and Victoria Fraser3 And. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. Recently, as an opportunistic pathogen, this organism was recognized and it has been implicated in recurrent bacteremia, septic arthritis, septic shock, endocarditis, intracranial suppuration, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. It had 27,372 contigs in assembly. The large polysaccharide molecule starch contains two parts, amylose and amylopectin, these are rapidly hydrolyzed using a hydrolase called alpha-amylase to produce smaller molecules: dextrins, maltose, and glucose. A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. Members of the Staphylcocci can be differentiated based on production of the enzyme coagulase. Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. This technique is centered on the performance of the classic Grams stain. Note the bright yellow, non-diffusable colony pigment which is a defining characteristic of M. luteus. Microbiome 2(27). The colony took 16 days to be purified. The Micrococcus genus is known to be found on dust particles, in water, on skin and skin glands in vertebrates, and some species can be found in milk. I performed a Gram stain test to identify if the bacterium was gram negative or positive, as described in the Lab 4 handout. This is likely either a cause of human error, unpure cultures, or not using agar plates that are fresh enough for the test. Increased inflammation in lysozyme M-deficient mice in response to The catalase and the oxidase tests came up negative, because the catalase test did not form bubbles, and the oxidase test did not see a color change. Mannitol Salt Agar: Principle, Uses, and Results - Microbe Online The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. M. luteus has a G-C content of about 65-75 mol%. Source: Trainee Council in English, Hello, my name is Dr. Karen Krisher. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. These results might not be trustworthy. It did not reduce sulphur, digest gelatin, or reduce nitrate, among some of the more interesting tests, which all disagree with M. luteus. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and typically appear in tetrads. This bacterium can also be transmitted to others due to poor hand-washing practices. The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as 50% sequence similarity. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). [1] It is urease and catalase positive. Microbiology Lab : MOLB 2210 - University of Wyoming Difference Between Micrococcus and Staphylococcus - Pediaa.Com M. luteus is found in the soil, dust, water, and human skin flora. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin, Micrococcus Luteus Gram Stain Characteristics, Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. Reduction of O2 produces superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, or the hydroxyl radical. If the agar plate is held up to a light source, you can sometimes see through the agar, as is pictured on the left. There are 3 biovars of this organismand they possess quite diverse chemotaxonomic features with respect to their menaquinone systems, cell-wall compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy patterns, as well as biochemical properties. Exposure to these wavelengths of ultraviolet light has been correlated with an increased incidence of skin cancer, and scientists believe this pigment can be used to make a sunscreen that can protect against ultraviolet light.[9]. Micrococcus luteus was formerly known as Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Make a tape label writing the color dot, your name, and the name of the media. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. Although it's tempting to write a summary of the entire study but it . I think based on all this information, that my microbe is in fact micrococcus luteus as suggested by the PATRIC metagenome binning test, and the krona (Figure 1). The GC content of the DNA ranges from about 65 to 75 mol%. They contain cytochromes and are resistant to lysostaphin. The antibiotic resistance test showed only minor resistance to the antibiotic Oxacillin, which is likely due to a chance inheritance in the population or complete chance because of the weak strength. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, where these can be used to distinguish them from some other bacteria like most of the Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. From: Infectious Diseases (Third Edition), 2010 View all Topics About this page The majority of staphylococcal species produce non-pigmented colonies with smooth margins, as opposed to the important pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, which produces the characteristic colonies seen here. This matches up with the PATRIC metagenome binning which also showed some impurities (Figure 1). Alpha-hemolytic colonies often assume a greenish hue. If acid is produced, the pH indicator will turn yellow. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. About half of the Micrococcus luteus gram stain was found to carry plasmids of about one to 100MDa in size. Colony pigmentation varies considerably but is usually different shades of yellow or cream-white. The laboratory assay is performed by mixing a sample of the bacterial colony with a drop(s) of hydrogen peroxide placed on a microscope slide. It can be easily be mistaken for staphylococci, as they are very similar morphologically and physiologically (Wikipedia, Staphlyococcus Aureus). The MacConkey agar is selective for gram-negative which is why my microbe didnt show much growth on it, and because it didnt change colors it means it didnt ferment the lactose. // This suggests that some of the Micrococcus species on the basis of ribosomal RNA analysis eventually can be re-classified into other microbial genera. Table 2: Graph of the genomic reads by taxonomic level using Korona. Krona chart of microbe shows bacterial classes thought to be present in the sample. Each family of Gram-positive cocci has its own unique configuration. I also hypothesize that it will be an aerobic organism, given that I found it in a well aerated environment and it has survived until I cultured it. Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. They are positive for catalase and oxidase ( modified). (2019, March 14). Biochemical Test and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus. The Gram stain, while it was gram variable, does not ideally match with the genetic test that resulted in Micrococcus luteus, which can be gram variable but is usually gram positive (Bonjar). Micrococcus luteus - Wikipedia 900 Seventh Street, NW Suite 400 The positive catalase result lines up with M. luteus (Public Health England). Micrococcus luteus | Microchem Laboratory Micrococcus luteus. Micrococcus luteus, a commonly found member of the Micrococcaceae, produces round colonies which are convex (curving outward) with smooth, entire margins. These organisms range in virulence potential from commensal organisms found on the skin and mucous membranes to pathogens associated with serious infections. The categorization of the Gram-positive cocci based on their possession of the enzyme catalase, a quality which can be easily assayed in the lab. It is mostly Actinobacteria, but some Proteobacteria and Firmicules are in the sample as well. Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. The reactions of the four isolates indicated that they belonged to the species M. Zuteus (Kocur & Martinec, 1972). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. These families of bacteria produce colonies which are variable both in size, consistency, and the type of hemolysis produced on sBAP. I used an API Strep test to determine more of the sugars the bacteria could ferment. I then repeated this three more times to further purify the isolate. Micrococcus lylaeare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads. The conflicting results of the metagenome binning and the catalase test influenced this mistake. The micrococci produce tetrads consisting of 4 cocci clustered together. Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations, including sportswear that is made with synthetic fabrics. To identify our isolate after obtaining the pure culture, we performed many different tests. Coagulase Results: Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. The catalase test also indicated that the microbe does not have catalase, despite the metagenomic binning test suggesting it. It has been isolated from human skin. They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. Streptococci and enterococci are observed to produce pairs and chains of cocci of varying length. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of heart valves. The Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, and Cefazdin antibiotics showed obvious susceptibility, with most of them having enormous rings of 50 to 52 millimeters while the threshold for resistance is only 15 millimeters. Most of the bacterium in the gram stains were gram negative, but a significant amount, about twenty percent, showed up as gram positive. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. Further biochemical tests to identify include the catalase and oxidase test, and typical tests of a "colorful series . Although many of the members of these families have low pathogenicity and are classified as causes of opportunistic infections, those organisms most often cited as pathogens are listed on this slide. Other Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils. Colonies typically have a lemon-yellow pigment. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, which can be used to distinguish them from other bacteria like most Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. Micrococci are microbiologically characterized as gram-positive cocci, 0.5 to 3.5 m (micrometres; 1 m = 10-6 metre) in diameter. They are found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of skin. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of streptococci referred to as viridans (green) streptococci are examples of bacteria producing alpha-hemolysis. They are fairly small as well, usually about a millimeter in diameter and of a normal height. Catalase test was the first biochemical test to be done . Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15. Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . Know more about our courses. [2] It resists antibiotic treatment by slowing of major metabolic processes and induction of unique genes[citation needed]. Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. The colony morphology of being yellow, shiny and smooth line up perfectly with M. luteus (Public Health England). This would be read A/NC. It has been associated with causing a variety of illnesses including septic arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis, chronic cutaneous infections in HIV-positive patients, and catheter infections. Micrococcus luteus They are catalase-positive and usually aerobic with strictly respiratory metabolism. Required fields are marked *. Bassis CM, AL Tang, VB Young, and MA Pynnonen (2014). The oxidase test was negative, as the strip did not change color at all, where it would have turned purple if it was positive. The data on the GC content of the DNA, chemical cell wall analysis, and a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. I kept the plate at room temperature for 7 days, and then selected a colony to purify using the pure culture streak plate method. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. If I were to continue researching this isolate, I would redo the API 20 E test strip with a fresh, active culture to ensure that it can reduce nitrate, and also the oxidase test to ensure that it does have cytochrome c oxidase present, which it should according to Public Health England. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. The oxygen class and the gram positiveness of the microbe also matches up with that of Micrococcus luteus. Figure 1. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. The coagulase test is performed by mixing a sample of organism with rabbit plasma. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. I also had to do the thyoglycate test 3 times to get a conclusive result, further making me skeptical of how active the culture was during the physical tests during week 6, which is where almost all of the inconsistencies arose. Other articles where Micrococcus luteus is discussed: Micrococcus: found in milk, such as M. luteus, M. varians, and M. freudenreichii, are sometimes referred to as milk micrococci and can result in spoilage of milk products. A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. Next, we see an image of a mixed bacterial culture which displays the white, creamy, non- hemolytic colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis mixed with the golden, hemolytic colonies of Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus Luteus As a Cause of Recurrent Bacteremia - Lww A number of sophisticated tools are now available for clinical diagnosis. They are found in many other places in the environment, including dust, water, and soil. all 3 tests done w/SIM deeps just add Kovac's reagent for Indole test Alcaligenes faecalis (left) - . DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . This presentation will focus on the laboratory tests useful for the differentiation among the families as opposed to the more complicated differentiation and identification of the organisms within the different genera. In the case of a negative test, no colour change is observed. Its genome has a high G + C content. Finally I used different antibiotic disks to check for its resistance to antibiotics, using Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, Oxacillin, and Cefazdin. Label the slide with the name of the organism; Place 15 - 20 uL of the culture in the middle of the slide Your email address will not be published. "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". The microbiome of the nose. The skin infections or chronic cutaneous infections that are caused can result in pruritic eruptions of the skin in some of the areas as well as scattered papule lesions with or without central ulcerations. What is the biochemical test for Micrococci roseus? 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females.

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