gastric antral mucosa with reactive changes

2012 Oct. 36(8):736-43. none? [25]. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Maguilnik I, Neumann WL, Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. 16(4):325-41. Bile reflux occurs when bile (a digestive liquid produced by the liver) refluxes or backs up into your stomach and, in certain cases and, into the esophagus (the tube that connects your mouth and stomach). stress. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2012;36:736743 https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12031. Treatment is supportive, with removal of the inciting cause and initiation of acid-suppressant therapy. Malagelada JR, Phillips SF, Shorter RG, et al. 2008 Oct. 132(10):1586-93. I was diagnosed with functional dyspepsia and told to try brain-gut meds (antidepressants). Cytoskeletal and kinetic epithelial differences between NSAID gastropathy and Helicobacter pylori gastritis: an immunohistochemical determination. While most types of gastritis occur throughout the entire gastric mucosa, antral gastritis affects only one region of the stomach. (Aug 2012). Reactive gastropathy is a relatively common finding in gastric biopsies; in most instances it is associated with either reflux of duodenal contents or therapy with nonsteroidal. Warshaw AL. Chemical gastritis and Helicobacter pylori related gastritis in patients receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: comparison and correlation with peptic ulceration. (Dec 2014). 2005. Reactive gastropathy is characterized, histologically, by 21: If long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) leads to reactive gastropathy, your doctor may recommend that you stop taking NSAIDs, take a lower dose, or take a different medicine for pain. what are my odds of getting colon or gastric cancer. This can be done by changing your diet around or changing your lifestyle habits. Differential diagnosis of reactive gastropathy. Etymologically, the. Arrow points to smooth muscle fibers in superficial lamina propria (original magnification 200). This condition can be caused by the following factors: Gastritis, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications like: Anemia: H. pylori can cause stomach ulcers or gastritis that bleed, resulting in a drop in the red blood cell count leading to anemia. Postoperative reflux gastritis: pathophysiology and long-term outcome after Roux-en-Y diversion. When present for many years, the mucosal changes may progress to a stage called metaplasia, with a small increased risk of gastric cancer. Scant acute & chronic inflammatory cells. The mucosal changes seen in reactive gastropathy are usually most prominent in the antrum and prepyloric region. Hence, its advisable to avoid consuming milk when recovering from gastritis. Intestinal metaplasia: Definition, symptoms, treatment, diet 1. Maguilnik I, Neumann WL, Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. Consuming smaller meals five to six times a day can help control gastric acid production. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Read More Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Histological features do not define NSAID-induced gastritis. 16(4):325-41. The antrum refers to the lower portion of the stomach. Gastritis and carditis. Gastritis pain due to infection can be remedied by antibiotics targeting the specific causative bacteria. An antral ulcer is a form of peptic ulcer as it is concentrated in the stomach lining. What is the antrum in the body? My doc said I dont have gastritis and nothing is wrong. Although the findings are not specific, several authors claim that weight loss and a hypochromic microcytic anemia are also associated features 3. K29.60 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. The updated Sydney System. Benign Diseases Causing Mucosal Ulcerations. Devon Andre has been involved in the health and dietary supplement industry for a number of years. Stomach Disorders Your stomach is an organ between your esophagus and small intestine. A stomach, or gastric, polyp is an unusual growth of tissue within the inner lining of the stomach. There is a paucity of both acute and chronic inflammatory cells. This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties. Antral Gastritis: Gastritis refers to inflammation of the inner stomach lining. 1980 Jul 17. Gastric mucosa - Wikipedia . Gastritis can develop quickly (acute gastritis) or gradually over time (chronic gastritis). Special stains for H pylori are negative. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 2. Pathology Outlines - Reactive (chemical) gastropathy Doctors may also recommend taking a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and prostaglandin analogues along with NSAIDs to prevent or treat reactive gastropathy and its possible complications. Antioxidative Properties of Iberis amara Extracts in Biochemical Model If your doctor is unsure about what is the exact cause of antral gastritis in your particular case, the symptoms are commonly treated with antacids. Stomach Polyps: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments Histology of the postoperative stomach before and after diversion of bile. Superficial erosions may be observed. Antral gastritis refers to the inflammation in the stomach lining found in the antral area of the stomach. Mod Pathol. Gastritis is usually not serious and can be treated through various treatment options. Mine said something similar. Joshua P Cantor, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American PathologistsDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Introduction . Mine said something similar. Moham Derakhshan, MD - Associate Medical Director - LinkedIn Most people do not experience noticeable effects of intestinal metaplasia. Gastritis in patients on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [23] Although the findings are not specific, several authors claim that weight loss and a hypochromic microcytic anemia are also associated features. Go to Peptic Ulcer Disease for complete information on this topic. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of K29.60 - other international versions of ICD-10 K29.60 may differ. Persistent epithelial damage may result in the release of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which stimulates smooth muscle proliferation, followed by fibroblastic proliferation 12. Endoscopy pathology report. https://www.askapollo.com/doctors/medical-gastroenterologist/hyderabad/dr-naveen-polavarapu. (Nov 2005). The bile reflux may be visible 20. Other conditions to consider include the following: The endoscopic findings of reactive gastropathy are mostly nonspecific. There is a range of risk factors that may lead to. What Is the Difference Between Gastropathy and Gastritis? - WebMD Vere CC, Cazacu S, Comanescu V, Mogoanta L, Rogoveanu I, Ciurea T. Endoscopical and histological features in bile reflux gastritis. what's mean? 1982 May. [Full Text]. I was diagnosed of gastric antral type mucosa with mild - JustAnswer https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMTk2Mjg5My1vdmVydmlldw==. They generate the mucus inside the stomach that's accountable for shielding the tummy from the gastric acids. Chronic gastritis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments - Medical News Today Moderate reactive gastropathy involving gastric oxyntic mucosa (original magnification 100). [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. It occurs when there's an expansion of unwanted foveolar cells inside the stomach tissues or tissue layer. The inside of the stomach is covered by specialized foveolar cells which produce a substance called mucus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. This increase in intraluminal bacteria leads to subsequent generation of relatively increased concentrations of deconjugated and secondary bile acids within the refluxate. Take antacids and other medications to lower stomach acid, Combination of antibiotics and an acid-blocking medication to treat gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, B12 vitamin shots (if gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia), Getting rid of irritants in the diet, such as lactose from dairy or gluten from wheat. Antral gastritis can cause excessive discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract of those affected. 1983 Nov 12. Sobala GM, King RF, Axon AT, Dixon MF. Focal intestinal metaplasia usually is caused and occurs in conjunction with chronic gastritis. Reactive gastropathy, abbreviated RG, a relatively common pathology of the stomach. lack of large numbers of neutrophils and plasma . [4], The most common complaint associated with NSAID-induced reactive gastropathy is mild dyspepsia. Mamoun Younes, MD Professor of Pathology, Director of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology Service, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School Slides were stained for caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX-2), villin, trefoil . and h.p immunostatins highlights abundant h.p organisms. These metaplasia changes aren't always due to acid but most of the time they are improved when you control the acid level. Re-seal . Drinking milk causes an increase in stomach acid production, which might aggravate gastritis symptoms. All our products are backed by a 100% satisfaction guarantee. Arch Pathol Lab Med. Gastritis is a condition that leads to stomach lining inflammation, causing stomach pain, bloating, and nausea. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. specifications following safe manufacturing practices. Owen DA. Bile gastritis occurring after cholecystectomy. Further symptoms of antral gastritis are noted, such as: decreased appetite; frequent heartburn; eructation (with reduced acidity - rotten, with increased - acid); an unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth (with reflux gastritis - bitter); A whitish or grayish-yellow coating on the surface of the tongue; nausea; vomiting; bloating and flatulence; Histopathology. What are reactive changes? Rom J Morphol Embryol. In fact, some studies have reported improvement of preneoplastic changes after diversion of the enteric reflux23. Antonia R Sepulveda, MD, PhD Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vice Chair for Translational Research, Director, Division of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 352(25):2576-8. Only after we are satisfied with the products. Stomach Erosion - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics [2, 3, 4] It has since become apparent, however, that the constellation of histologic features seen in reactive gastropathy is a nonspecific response to chemical injury of the gastric mucosa. Often accompanying indigestion, nausea occurs as a result of any sort inflammation that develops within the lining of the stomach. PDF PyloPlus Rapid Urease Test (RUT) Here are a few easy tips to help prevent gastritis: Gastritis is a common medical condition that can be managed and treated without major complications. N Engl J Med. Dr. Myron Arlen answered Surgical Oncology 66 years experience Precancer: The antrum is that portion of the lower stomach above the pylorus. The esophagus reacts to the injury and tries to repair itself. Discomfort may be experienced in the epigastric region after eating. what does this really mean? Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. "Chemical gastritis" is misnomer. Histologic and Endoscopic Similarity between Nodular Gastric Antral What does antral mucosa mean? - Wisdom-Advices can it come back with stress? gi doctor told me to check up in a year. Moderate reactive gastropathy. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. Abha Goyal, MD Associate Staff Pathologist, Cleveland Clinic Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. 2005 Jun 23. 340(24):1888-99. Get doctor-approved health tips, news, and more. Wolfe MM, Lichtenstein DR, Singh G. Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Because of the location of the inflammation, the processes of emptying food into the intestine becomes affected. Mamoun Younes, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, College of American Pathologists, United States and Canadian Academy of PathologyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Gastritis can also be exacerbated by the use of certain pain medications and excessive alcohol consumption. The endoscopic findings of reactive gastropathy are mostly nonspecific. Mucin expression in reactive gastropathy: an immunohistochemical analysis. The lessons of Vioxxdrug safety and sales. Postoperative reflux gastritis: pathophysiology and long-term outcome after Roux-en-Y diversion. The following are common treatments for managing and treating antral gastritis: Antral gastritis, or gastritis in general, can be prevented by following healthy lifestyle habits and a balanced diet. Nausea, bilious vomiting, and other dyspeptic symptoms may also be present. Share cases and questions with Physicians on Medscape consult. "Differential diagnosis of reactive gastropathy.". J Clin Pathol. Sepulveda AR, Patil M. Practical approach to the pathologic diagnosis of gastritis. Ritchie WP Jr. Alkaline reflux gastritis. Abha Goyal, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Clinical Pathology, American Society of Cytopathology, College of American Pathologists, United States and Canadian Academy of PathologyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. ; Sonnenberg, A.; Genta, RM. Smoking has also been shown to cause reactive gastropathy. lack of large numbers of neutrophils and plasma cells. Diagnosis is by endoscopy. Upper gi, antral mucosa w/ regenerative epithelial changes and vascular congestion. This region is responsible for releasing the contents of the stomach into the small intestine. Occasionally, focal intestinal metaplasia may be present. - Scant or minimal inflammatory cells (white arrow), i.e. The substances that cause reactive gastropathy can come from inside the body or they can be from a source outside of the body. The articles on this site are not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and should not be relied on to make decisions about your health. 2007 Jan. 131(1):86-90. [10]. The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach, which contains the glands and the gastric pits. Treatment of Gastritis & Gastropathy - NIDDK This lining shields the stomach from the corrosive stomach acid that aids digestion by breaking down food. [2], A prospective multicenter study by Wolf et al developed a new score with visual analog scales. 1994 Jun. Discomfort. Most of the esophagus is lined by squamous mucosa. [5, 6, 7], Reactive gastropathy has also been referred to as chemical gastropathy, reflux gastritis, and type C gastritis. For EGD, an Olympus GIF-Q200 (Olympus Optical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used. [14] However, most of these COX-2 inhibitors have been withdrawn from the market or have had their indications drastically limited in view of their potential serious cardiovascular side effects. http://www.cmej.org.za/index.php/cmej/article/view/2316/2190, https://librepathology.org/w/index.php?title=Reactive_gastropathy&oldid=45045, Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International, chemical gastritis, chemical gastropathy, NSAID gastropathy (if due to a NSAID), foveolar hyperplasia - esp. 23(2):281-94. Reactive gastropathy - MyPathologyReport.ca By partnering with patients, healthcare providers, and hospitals, we hope to provide all patients with the tools and knowledge to understand their pathology report. Gastritis is when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed or swollen. Recent Endoscopy and Biopsy Questions - MedHelp Heart Inside Out Everything About Your Heart, All You Need to Know About High Cholesterol, Hodgkins Lymphoma Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment, Glioblastoma: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Diagnosis, Choriocarcinoma Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Diagnosis. Helicobacter pylori as an Initiating Factor of Complications in The vast majority of cases of gastric ulcers (70% to 90% . Normal gastric antrum (original magnification 100). Histopathology. As a result of the neutral pH within the surface epithelial cells, the NSAID compound dissociates into its ionized form, contributing to direct cell injury 14. [Full Text]. Gastritis & H.pylori H. Pylori * Gram negative spiral shaped bacterium * Have a bunch of flagella(4-6) * Allow it to "swim" through viscous solutions and burrow into the mucus lining to find a less acidic environment. Is There a Genetic Link Between Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease? After a meal, avoid lying down for up to 2 to 3 hours. The diagnosis of reactive gastritis is made after a pathologist examines a tissue sample from the inside of the stomach under the microscope. To date, no specific genetic predisposing factors for the development of reactive gastropathy have been identified. The secondary (deoxycholic and lithocholic) and deconjugated bile acids are more injurious to the gastric mucosa than the primary (colic and chenodeoxycholic) and conjugated bile acids. It has also been observed after Billroth I gastric reconstruction, truncal vagotomy, and pyloroplasty Another name for this condition is chemical gastropathy. N Engl J Med. Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. Symptoms. This usually happens after the stomach lining has been damaged. 2014 Dec. 210(12):847-54. Reactive gastropathy is the second most common pathologic diagnosis rendered on gastric biopsies, after Helicobacter pylori gastritis (H pylori -associated active gastritis is discussed in a separate pathology article). Some forms are erosive, meaning that they wear away the stomach lining and cause shallow breaks, called erosions, and ulcers. Northeast Ohio 216.444.7000 Appointments & Locations 27:1348-54. Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is the underlying cause for 4% of nonvariceal upper GI bleeding. NSAID gastropathy redirects to here. Waxman HA. In reactive gastropathy, the foveolar cells have become damaged by substances not normally found in the stomach. Dr. Susan Madonna answered Family Medicine 23 years experience Gastritis: This is the mucosal lining of a section of the stomach called the gastric antrum. Vere CC, Cazacu S, Comanescu V, Mogoanta L, Rogoveanu I, Ciurea T. Endoscopical and histological features in bile reflux gastritis. Reactive gastropathy - Libre Pathology Dixon MF, OConnor HJ, Axon AT, King RF, Johnston D. Reflux gastritis: distinct histopathological entity?. Reactive gastropathy is a non-cancerous change that happens in the stomach. [24]. Patients who had undergone gastric surgery were found to have a statistically significant increase in reflux gastritis score, gastric pH, and gastric bile acid concentration. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Gastritis can develop quickly (acute gastritis) or gradually over time (chronic gastritis). The mucosal changes seen in reactive gastropathy are usually most prominent in the antrum and prepyloric region. [Full Text]. In reactive gastropathy (chemical gastropathy), the distribution of CK8, CK18, and CK19 was normally distributed but increased in intensity. Know all the Other Blood Groups Too, 19 , . Press J to jump to the feed. How Long Does Our Immunity Last? It has since become apparent, however, that the constellation of histologic features seen in reactive gastropathy is a nonspecific response to chemical injury of the gastric mucosa 4. Considered one of the most common symptoms of antral gastritis, as it affects the process of digestion as well as emptying food into the intestines. Summary Gastro-intestinal . Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. 1996 Oct. 20(10):1161-81, Pathology of Reactive Gastropathy. Mar 16, 2018 #6 Persistent epithelial damage may result in the release of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which stimulates smooth muscle proliferation, followed by fibroblastic proliferation. Hum Pathol. Please explain | Medical Billing and Coding Forum - AAPC * Makes catalase, oxidase & urease * Urease HELPS it survive in stomach by neutralizing stomach acid. This subreddit is designed for discussing gastritis and diseases related to gastritis, such as peptic (stomach) and duodenal ulcers. (PDF) Influence of stomach mucosa tissue on the efficacy of [29] Regular endoscopic surveillance starting 10 to 15 years after surgery is recommended. benign gastric antral mucosa with mild chronoc inactive gastitis focal intestinal metaplasia present? Mino-Kenudson M, Tomita S, Lauwers GY. 43(4):303-6. [26]. 2013. Stool may become dark or tarry, but this is a seldom occurrence as it is an indication of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. The increased concentration of the more toxic forms of bile acid, coupled with the decreased gastric emptying time of the refluxed bile, results in gastric mucosal injury and subsequent reactive gastropathy (chemical gastropathy). Chemical or reactive gastritis is caused by injury to the gastric mucosa resulting from reflux of bile and pancreatic secretions into the stomach, but it can also be caused by exogenous. What is gastric antral mucosa with chemical gastropathy and how to cure it? 23(2):281-94. Other symptoms associated with antral gastritis are: Almost everyone has experienced indigestion and stomach discomfort at some point in their lives. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01358.x Corpus ID: 25298464; Role of apoptosis and CD95receptor/ligand system in aspirin and Helicobacter pyloriinduced cell death @article{Domhan2004RoleOA, title={Role of apoptosis and CD95receptor/ligand system in aspirin and Helicobacter pyloriinduced cell death}, author={Sophie Domhan and Wolfgang Stremmel and Jochen Rudi}, journal={European . However, if left untreated, antral gastritis may lead to progressive damage of the stomach lining and potentially create conditions for bacteria to proliferate, resulting in further complication. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Billroth II. FACTORS INCREASING Internal Medicine - Hematology & Oncology. [5] The term "chemical gastropathy" was recommended by the Updated Sydney System, Reactive gastropathy has also been referred to as chemical gastropathy, reflux gastritis, and type C gastritis6. Antral Mucosa with mild reactive changes? : r/Gastritis - Reddit Medscape Education. A: Sections from the gastric antrum show portions of antral and oxyntic-type gastric mucosa with edema, vascular congestion and patchy chronic inflammation of the lamina propria. J Clin Pathol. The products released by Bel Marra Health. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. If discomfort is due to chronic NSAID use, simply discontinuing the medication will relieve symptoms. In contrast to H pylori gastritis, the surface epithelium lacked Ki67 expression and a downward elongation of the proliferative zone was noted. Yes. Commonly used medications to treat pain and fever called NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are among the most common causes of gastritis. Gastritis of the antrum - I Live! OK Reactive gastropathy refers to a group of endoscopic and histologic findings caused by chemical injury to the gastric mucosa1. It is called squamous mucosa when the top layer is made up of squamous cells. Surgery. and why cells are "reactive . The mucosa is a mucus-secreting protective covering that lines the inside of the stomach. Intestinal Metaplasia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - Verywell Health Disclaimer: MyPathologyReport.ca is a registered not-for-profit charity (769563271RR0001). Bile reflux usually occurs in patients who have undergone a Billroth 2 partial gastrectomy; it is also recognized to occur in intact stomachs in individuals with alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, chronic respiratory disease, or duodenal ulcer, and even in healthy subjects 11. Copyright 2023 Bel Marra Health. Vomiting. In the stomach, it may be called gastric intestinal metaplasia. These gastric mucosal protection and ulcer healing effects are associated with antioxidant effects and the augmentation of prostaglandin E2 and suggest that P. cuspidatum might be a promising . When signs and symptoms of gastritis do appear, they include stomach discomfort and burning, nausea, and vomiting. To estimate the light action spectrum for the in vivo phototherapy of H. pylori in the visible range, we performed a simulation of the light transmitted by a simple optical model of the gastric wall structure. Reactive gastropathy, abbreviated RG, a relatively common pathology of the stomach. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. The most common cause of chronic inactive gastritis is an infection of the stomach with a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori. [1] The histologic picture is characterized by foveolar hyperplasia with edema, smooth muscle hyperplasia, and congestion of superficial capillaries in the lamina propria in the absence of significant inflammation (see an example in the image below). The features are those of a chronic gastritis. Reactive gastropathy definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment Partly due to excess gas accumulation, but also because of the inflammatory processes that may cause pain felt while eating. Does anyone know what it means? Watt PC, Sloan JM, Spencer A, Kennedy TL. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Left alone one would find an eventual gastric ulcer and invasive cancer. 1994 Jun. what is the treatment for this? He has a Bachelor of Forensic Science from the University of Windsor, and went on to complete a Juris Doctor from the University of Pittsburgh. Privacy Policy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1986 May. (2005). 1990 Apr. Reactive gastropathy diagnosis is by examination of tissue, e.g. Erosive gastritis is gastric mucosal erosion caused by damage to mucosal defenses. The mucus protects the cells from the strong acids normally found in the stomach. K31.9 - Disease of stomach and duodenum, unspecified - ICD List 2023 Contents 1 General 1.1 Epidemiology 1.2 Relation to gastritis 2 Gross/endoscopic 3 Microscopic 3.1 Images 4 Sign out Types of stomach polyps and their causes and treatments are discussed. Owen DA. Histological features do not define NSAID-induced gastritis. Practical Approach to the Pathologic Diagnosis of Gastritis [Full Text]. 1993 Oct. 23(4):341-8. If left untreated, reactive gastropathy can lead to ulcers or bleeding in the stomach. negative h.pylori/malignancy/metaplasia/dysplasia. Iijima K, Iwabuchi T, Ara N, et al. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. 77(5):305-11. PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) & PCOS : Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Diet & Treatment, Who is a Universal Donor? Types, Treatment, and COVID-19, No time to work out? Chronic alcohol consumption can irritate and damage the stomach lining.

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