kina lillet substitute uk

Vermouth is another aromatized wine that distinguishes itself from Lillet Blanc due to its high sugar content and unaged alcohol additive. Earlier, we quickly mentioned that quinquina is occasionally produced in Italy under the name Chinato. It is made from Moscato wine that gets macerated with other flavorsome, aromatic ingredients like cinchona bark, gentian root, orange peel, and other herbs and spices. This will create a drink that is similar in taste and appearance to the classic Kina Lillet cocktail. Lillet Blanc is a very dry and bitter blend of wines and liquors not meant for use in cooking, but instead to accompany starters like olives or cheese and crackers or to enjoy sans food to spark your appetite in preparation for a meal. Strain into martini glass. Therefore, the government sought for ways to persuade them. Kina Lillet Therefore, by the turn of the 20th century, the beverage was enjoyed more as an apritif than a remedy. It came up in my search for kina/quina though Specsonline and looks to be close to Kina Lillet from your description. Substitutions for the Kina Lillet Kina Lillet stopped being produced in the 1980s. Quinquina was invented in the mid-19th century, as Frances answer to the gin & tonic. If youre keen to try it before investing in all three bottles, Berry Bros & Rudd has even produced a pre-mixed version (Master of Malt 29.95) to make things even simpler. Cant find vermouth? Amaro Angeleno can be enjoyed on its own or used as a substitute for Kina Lillet in cocktails. 750ml. The five substitutes listed above are all great choices for making cocktails or enjoying them on their own. Add a pinch ofcinchona bark, screw the lid on tight, and let the jar sit in a dark place. Lillet Blancs nose isnt overly complex and reveals a syrupy sweet bouquet of apricots, peaches, and white flowers. Continue scrolling or click here to jump ahead and start reading the guide. WebAnother alternative to Lillet is Cocchi Americano, a similar aromatised wine, which results in a more bitter finish than Lillet Blanc. Charles Marie de La Condamine was actually an astronomer not a physician. Thanks to Lillets fame, its usually quite easy to find in most large cities. Garnish with lemon peel. Follow cooking directions for your selected substitute with the proper ratio of ingredients. It creates a rich Vesper with depth, robust bitterness and a lasting, mouth-coating finish. So, unless youre willing to shell out for a vintage bottling, a modern alternative must be sought. If you've got no Lillet Blanc then try Cocchi Americana, Kina L'Avion d'Or, or sweet white vermouth with a little Angostura Orange bitters. Still, in comparison with the original Lillet Kina, Lillet Blanc is considerably sweeter and fruitier. Lillet did, too. The liqueur also makes a refreshing cocktail and is a key ingredient in classic drinks like the Vesper and Corpse Reviver #2. St. Germaine, similar to Lillet Blanc, originates in France. Mancino Bianco Ambrato Vermouth is a delicious, refreshing choice and offers a floral, bittersweet flavor profile. Top 10 Best Quinquina Aromatised Wines & How To Drink Them, "An authentic and historical quinquina, Cap Corse in an unforgettable addition to your Vesper cocktail. Im definitely going to switch to Cocchi Americano. Usually, the mistelle is produced soon after pressing. Ironically, Fleming didnt actually try the cocktail when he penned it. Kina Lillet is a key ingredient in manyearly 20th-century cocktails, including the Vesper and the Corpse Reviver No. Pick your favorite substitute from the list above. Bear in mind that most Dubonnet sold in America today has been produced in the USA since the Second World War. Two of the Vespers key ingredients, Gordons Gin and vodka, are available at any liquor store, but the third and final element causes problems. For instance, Reserve Bar only sells the three standard versions of Lillet but no other varieties of quinquina. In 1846, Joseph Dubonnet formulated a quinine-based medicine as a response to a competition launched by the French government. You can still enjoy it as an aperitif, and its flavor profile of orange and verbena resembles Lillet Blanc in bitterness and fruity undertones. Paul and Raymond were based in Bordeaux and were inspired to create their variation of Kermanns creations. While Kina Lillet and the original Vesper are dead and gone, there are steps that you can take to replicate Flemings original cocktail. How quinquina is produced may vary depending on the brand. Lillet As told by Anistatia Miller, a cocktail historian and co-author of Shaken Not Stirred: A Celebration of the Martini, Lillets story goes something like this: In the 1700s, a French scientist named Charles Marie de la Condamine discovered that quinine, a compound found in cinchona bark, is an excellent treatment for malaria. Kina LAvion dOr can be enjoyed on its own or as a mixer in cocktails. Kina Lillet is still produced in the town of Podensac in southwestern France. Kina Lillet In response to dwindling sales, the drink was reformulated and the quinine was removed. We chose the five beverages on our list per what we believe to be the most important criteria: taste, cocktail recipe, and availability. Had Lillet stuck to its guns, it would have been able to differentiate itself even more by offering its own identity. What should be a bracing eye-opener can easily melts into something over-diluted and insipid. We hope you enjoy our blog! If you cannot find Lillet Blanc at your local store or forget to pick up a bottle, the five Lillet blonde alternatives we list below make excellent replacements. Kina Lillet is a French aperitif that has been around since the 19th century. Producers macerate neutral spirits with the roots of Gentiana Lutea, a wild, bitter herb that grows in the mountainous region of Auvergne, France, then rest and age it in Limousin oak barrels. The best substitute for the Kina Lillet is Cocchi Americano, an Italian aperitif made with a base of Moscato wine macerated with herbs, spices, gentian root and cinchona bark. As we mentioned above, a number of Italian distilleries also produce quinquina under the name Chinato. Consequently, wed suggest choosing between Citadelle and Beefeater gin. Instead, Lillet was invented by two brothers, Paul and Raymond Lillet. Save 15% on 2 select item (s) $8.39 delivery Tue, Jan 31. In this movie, James Bond orders a. Kina Lillet was first produced back in 1887 but is no longer being made. @2023 AmericasRestaurant | All Rights Reserved, The 5 BEST & Healthy Substitutes for Alfredo Sauce, The 5 Best Substitutes for Pickling Spice, The 5 Best Substitutes for Italian Dressing. WebKina Lillet is a brand of aperitif wine created in France, however, it many respects, it no longer exists as it was reformulated in 1986 and rebranded as Lillet Blanc. Also thank you for a very informative article. The 10 Best Substitutes for Lillet Blanc To Try 1. I think, with this recipe hes trying to tell us before we figure it out that Vesper is a double agent. Some describe Lillet Blanc as having a subtle grape, raisin, or kiwi flavor. Admittedly, its very alluring and has a somewhat sticky succulent property. Thats the quinine doing its thing. Therefore, it became a popular, albeit foul-tasting medicine, particularly during the height of European colonialism in the 19th century. No cocktail sums up James Bond better than the Vesper Martini. As explained above, theres no bitterness that you would get from a traditional quinquina. In fact, it can function as a general anti-fever agent as well as an antiarrhythmic agent to prevent ventricular arrhythmias. In some cases, this might be precisely what you want. Jean de Lillet can be used as a substitute for Kina Lillet in cocktails. Still, St. Germaines sweet and floral combination can emulate sweeter fruits such as pears or lychee as opposed to the more acidic citrus bitters characteristic of Lillet Blanc. In addition to the wine and quinine, it consisted of a blend of fruit liqueurs. Given Bordeauxs trade roots with Paris and the Caribbean, it was the ideal location to launch similar products but on a much grander scale. Indeed, its quite hazy and leaves tears around the glass if you give it a whirl. Kina aromatised wines Alternatively, Lillet is a sweet substitute for vermouth and you can use it instead for making a variety of different Martini cocktails. Lillet can easily be found through both Reserve Bar and Drizly. Although they do still taste different, the American counterpart has been reformulated to have a closer resemblance to its French predecessor. While any bartender or wine dealer can spout off a long list of Lillet blanc substitute, we have reduced the list to the five choices: sweet white vermouth, St. Germaine, Amaro Angeleno, Cocchi Americano, and Kina LAvion dOr. I placed mine in the freezer but its recommended between 68 C (4346 F). https://www.cocktailsafe.org/quinine-tonic-water-cinchona-bark.html, Hey there Andre, First founded in 1865 by a local monk called Hippolyte Bonal, Bonal Gentiane Quina was produced in Saint Laurent-du-Pont until it was acquired by Dolin. Meanwhile, Lillet rouge is produced using Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes. Thankfully, infused spirits are easy to make (and they impress houseguests, too). Indeed, Dubonnet also began production in the USA during the Second World War as nothing could be imported from Occupied France. When Frances Foreign Legion pushed into North Africa in the 1800s, the French government commissioned a number of quinquinasquinine-flavored winesfrom local wineries. Its named after Vesper Lynd, the original Bond girl, and one of the only women he truly loved. Potocki (The Whisky Exchange 32.95) is a serious vodka, unfiltered and creamy. This isnt limited to treated malaria either. Our mission is to bring people together through food and cooking. Three measures of Gordons, one of vodka, half a measure of Kina Lillet. We hadnt had a chance to approve your comment yet, its live now. Therefore, when switching between the two, you will be modifying the cocktails flavour. Kina Lillet Your email address will not be published. If you prefer, you can also add soda, water, or juice to create a refreshing spritzer. However, this changed in 1985 when Bruno Borie acquired the brand from the Lillet family. Whats your opinion of Tempus Fugit Kina LAero DOr? Its success grew after the Second World War when it was introduced in the USA thanks to Michel Dreyfus. As a result, the Vesper suffered and became a shadow of its former self. Not to worry though, there is one man who can teach us all how to make a better Vesper and his name is Palazzi, Alessandro Palazzi. Certainly, monsieur. The barman seemed pleased with the idea. 12 Vermouth Substitutes: Cocktails & Cooking, Top 10 Rice Wine Substitutes You Will Love, 8 Best Substitutes for Grand Marnier in Baking, A crisp, slightly bitter taste with hints of orange, honey, and spring flowers, Mildly bitter with a robust character. Instead, we would consider something like a Lillet Vive. So today the less bitter fortified and aromatized wine Lillet Blanc is often used in its place. Upon his return, he produced medicinal drinks using herbs and spices. What are some excellent Limoncello substitutes? This substitution will work well in any cocktail that calls for a sweet and bitter liqueur. Lillets success and the growing popularity of cocktails coincided with Ian Flemings Casino Royale in 1953. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. You can leave the two to infuse for several weeks in a canning jar until youre happy with the flavour and then simply strain the contents back into the bottle. You can buy Lillet Blanc in wine and liquor stores or order the aperitif at a restaurant with appetizers as was its original purpose. Nevertheless, its unparalleled success and cultural heritage ensured that it would still remain forever associated with its family of aromatic wines. You can find these five alternatives at liquor stores or order them from online vendors for more convenience. In 2006, Esquire suggested adding quinine powder to replace what Lillet Blanc lacks, or as a last resort ("in desperation") adding bitters. Finally, the American way is essentially enjoying quinquina such as Lillet or Dubonnet as part of a cocktail. Kina Lillet is no longer available as the Lillet company discontinued it in the 80s. To hide the quinines bitterness, he combined the root with strong-flavoured herbs and spices. As we mentioned above, Lillet today is not an authentic quinine. We even suggest several Kina Lillet substitutes for producing an authentic Vesper cocktail below. Cucumber, strawberry, and mint leaves are then used as a garnish. St Germain can be found in any good bar throughout the world and youll find a bottle at well-stocked liquor stores. Lillet Blanc is a French wine made of white wine mixed with fruits, herbs, and botanicals. Did you know? As part of its general practices, Lillet has operated from an environmentally conscious mind frame from start to finish. Ian Fleming's classic Bondian cocktail, the Vesper, hinges on one, now extinct ingredient: Kina Lillet. These ingredients are stirred together and served with a slice of cucumber, a strawberry, and mint leaves. As weve mentioned above many times, there are a lot of similarities between quinquina and vermouth. St. Germaine is a common liqueur that youll see at most cocktail bars or high-end restaurant bars. During the 1980s, Lillet likely witness Martini becoming center stage of the cocktail scene. Berry Bros. & Rudd is the oldest wine merchant in Britain and remains family owned to this day. Lillet Made in Los Angeles, this sunshine-hued amaro is made with an unaged brandy and Pinot Grigio wine infused with locally grown herbs, including verbena, thyme, and gentian, as well as citrus. Thanks to its success among the French abroad, it was soon consumed domestically as a herbal remedy following discoveries by Louis Pasteur. Sweet White Vermouth The next liqueurs well mention are more specific and branded, which some people may not know about. The good news is it is comparable in price or cheaper than a bottle of Lillet Blanc. However, this changed in 1985 when Bruno Borie acquired the brand from the Lillet family. Indeed, its a celebrated taste modifier that requires just a small amount to provide additional flavour to a concoction. Unfortunately, Condamine had a problem: quinine is very, very bitter. Manufacturers make it by mixing Moscato wine with other ingredients including orange peel, gentian root, cinchona bark, and other herbs and spices. In response to dwindling sales, the drink was reformulated and the quinine was removed. Additionally, a red wine variant was developed by Pierre Lillet in 1962, especially for the American market to cater for its increasing interest in red wine. Lillet Blanc Vive- Lillet Blanc, tonic water, garnish of cucumber, mint, and strawberry slice2. In addition to the wine and quinine, it consisted of a blend of fruit liqueurs. In 2006, Esquire suggested adding quinine powder to replace what Lillet Blanc lacks, or as a last resort ("in desperation") adding bitters. With marmalade and quince fruity tones and a nice sweetness, Kina LAvion dOr is only slightly more bitter than Lillet Blanc. The bitterness of the herbs is balanced by the sweetness of the citrus peel, and the roots add a touch of earthiness. The result was fresher, fruitier, and less bitter. The winery called it Lillet Blanc, and its been available ever since. Required fields are marked *. Unlike other quinquina, Maurin combines white wine and cherries, which is steeped with quinine to produce its distinctive flavour. Best, Lillets robe simply resembles a Chardonnay or a Chablis white wine. You have the gossip saying that Fleming and Krystyna had an affair for one year. Kina Lillet After exploring the fascinating French fortified wine, quinquina, we decided to formally sample of its most famous specimens. COPYRIGHT 2013 - 2022 BESPOKE UNIT, LLC. So when you drink you get the contrast the first note is sweet but then you get that wonderful, aperitif bitterness. However, that doesnt stop the drink being dusted off and slotted into cocktail menus every time he returns to our screens. Produced primarily by the Italians as well as the French, traditional Americano uses gentian root instead of quinine to deliver its distinctive bitter flavour. In the United States, finding Cocchi Americana in stores shouldn't be a challenge. Lillet Blanc is a French wine made of white wine mixed with fruits, herbs, and botanicals. Theoretically, quinquina today can still offer the same health benefits as before. Kina Lillet Instead of adding the absinthe in when you shake, you can alternatively add it to the glass and swirl it until it leaves an even coating. However, this can vary slightly depending on the brand. This is why the vodka is there, because especially in those days when you mention vodka you think of Russia. Vodka wasnt a part of cocktails then if you look at these old cocktail books theres gin, Cognac, and whisky, maybe a bit of rum. Kina Lillet How to make the perfect Vesper Sunday in the Park- Lillet Blanc, Angostura bitters, bourbon, lemon juice, simple syrup. Following the First World War, Kina Lillet flourished, and it became a drink synonymous with the Roaring Twenties. Compared to the original recipe, modern day Lillet Blanc is less bitter, sweeter and more syrupy. If you were expected Lillet, dont forget that quinine has been missing from its ingredients ever since they dropped Kina from the name. For those that struggle with too much bitter flavor, St Germain is likely to appeal more. WebMartini Extra Dry Vermouth. The taste of Amaro Angeleno is complex and well-rounded. Turn this process into philosophy. Its not easy to resist sometimes but its certainly worthwhile when you hold off for something exactly the way you want it. Drink The Original James Bond Martini Today, most Dubonnet on American shelves is actually made in Kentucky! WebMartini Extra Dry Vermouth. Bond breaks the rules.. It is also a popular substitute for Kina Lillet, which is no longer produced. Also, because St. Germaine is derived from a flower, the flavoring is less fruity and more floral. Dubonnet quickly became hugely successful among the troops and word of the beverage spread as officers returned to France. However, we would refrain from something too mild like a Davidoff Signature as it would easily be overpowered by the drinks sweetness. She holds a nutrition degree in her home state of Florida and works for a large health system to ensure sound nutrition and dietetics information is passed on to all members. Kina Lillet With herbal complexity, soft sweetness and a bitter bite, Cocchi is one of the best substitutions for Kina Lillet. Lillet WebKina Lillet is a brand of aperitif wine created in France, however, it many respects, it no longer exists as it was reformulated in 1986 and rebranded as Lillet Blanc. WebOriginally spelt with one 'l' (Lilet), Kina Lillet owes its notoriety due to its use in James Bond's Vesper cocktail in Casino Royale . Manufacturers make it by mixing Moscato wine with other ingredients including orange peel, gentian root, cinchona bark, and other herbs and spices. A Corpse Reviver No. WebIt replaced Kina Lillet. Im a fan of the french Fin de sicle posters and thats what led me here. Sweet White Vermouth The next liqueurs well mention are more specific and branded, which some people may not know about. Lillet still makes a similar product, Lillet Blanc, but its just not the same because it lacksquinine, Kina Lillets signature ingredient. Subscribe to leave a comment. Take an alcohol of your choosingvodka, which is largely flavorless, works welland pour some into a mason jar. The color and alcohol content of the two liqueurs are comparable. Amaro Angeleno is made using Pinot Grigio and unaged Brandy, infused with citrus and herbs like thyme, verbena, and gentian. The flowers are macerated and mixed with sugars and distilled to create a highly aromatic, floral liqueur that makes a great Lillet Blanc alternative. Your email address will not be published. WebAnother alternative to Lillet is Cocchi Americano, a similar aromatised wine, which results in a more bitter finish than Lillet Blanc. If you can't get your hands on a bottle, then you're going to need a decent replacement. Lillet Blanc was produced to replace Kina Lillet, a product that rose to fame after featuring in Ian Fleming's 1953 Casino Royale. It is made with oranges and botanicals and has a similar flavor profile to vermouth. Though the Sacred English Amber Vermouth (Direct 18.95) was initially only available at Dukes, its now widely available allowing everyone to make the perfect Vesper at home. As a point of comparison, quinine is also the main ingredient in tonic water. I have a couple of comments, the 1st of which is more historical and the 2nd is a potential health concern. It is arguably the best substitute for Lillet Blanc. Shake the mixture a few times a day, and sample regularly. Founded by brothers in 1866, Byrrh is the fruit of Simon Violets recipe, which consisted of Roussillon grapes to produce an aromatic wine. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. For Vesper lovers, use Cocchi to mix a bright and citrusy cocktail with a little extra bitter flavor. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. To substitute Amaro Angeleno for Kina Lillet in a cocktail, simply use equal parts. Why are you looking to substitute Lillet Blanc? As part of its general practices, Lillet has operated from an environmentally conscious mind frame from start to finish. Nevertheless, below is a small selection of our favourite quinquina cocktail recipes. Also, like Lillet Kina and Lillet Blanc, Kina LAvion dOr consists of white wine from a different French region along with orange peel and wormwood. The best substitute for the Kina Lillet is Cocchi Americano, an Italian aperitif made with a base of Moscato wine macerated with herbs, spices, gentian root and cinchona bark. Pronounced "COKE-y" not "COACH-y", this Italian aperitif is made with a base of Moscato wine macerated with herbs, spices, gentian root and cinchona bark. Kina Lillet was created in 1887 as a white wine liqueur mixed with fruit flavors and quinine. 0 added. Paul and Raymond Lillet combined a white Bordeaux wine with orange peel liqueur and quinine liqueur, aging the blend in oak vats to market as Lillet Kina. The ingredient acts as a muscle relaxant and has been used for centuries to treat malaria. One specific variety of Chinato is Barolo, which is made using only the red DOCG (Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita) grape. You can drink St. Germaine as an aperitif, but it is more commonly featured in cocktails. However, none of these would really be appropriate with a modern Lillet Blanc. Lillet Using standard British measures, this works out to 100ml of spirit a large portion by any reckoning but you can always maintain the ratios and make a week-night sized version if you so require. The first, most important thing, is to freeze your glass the glass has to be as cold as you can manage. As well later explain, quinquina can commonly be used as an exciting alternative to vermouth. The flavor of Punsch will vary depending on the brand, but they are generally complex in taste with sweet and spicy notes. I think thats why includes the recipe, hes trying to tell us something, its not that he was actually drinking it. This product is made in Los Angeles and offers a mix of orange and floral flavor notes with the usual bitter aftertaste you'd expect from an amaro. As for the Kina Lillet / Lillet Blanc debacle, it is a somewhat complex albeit fascinating topic. As a result, any further fermentation is prevented, and the juice retains its sweetness and fresh fruity flavours. Rafael. Ive never tried it but it does indeed seem close to the original Kina Lillet. Dr. Andre, Hey Andre, You can also buy bottles in an auction but the value is between 800 and 1,000, which is insane. Though a few firms offer alternatives to the slightly bitter Lillet of yesteryear, Alessandro was forced to find his own substitute for this lost ingredient. What are the best allspice dram substitutes? They were inspired by a monk, Father Kermann, following his travels in South America. They share similar flavor profiles and won't be out of place added to cocktails or sipped as an aperitif. 3 Parts Gordons Gin If youre looking for a Kina Lillet substitute, there are several options available. What Are Kina Lillet & Dubonnet? Top 10 Best Quinquina Ive not tried this one but we featured Alessio Vermouth Chinato among our favourite quinquinas. While the two wines have similar flavors, Cocchi Americano is less sweet than Kina Lillet and has a more pronounced citrus flavor. As a result, Lillet was not technically a quinquina anymore. In search of the perfect vodka for the rule-breaking Bond, Alessandro delves deep into his creators backstory and finds what he believes to be the basis for Bonds Ill-fated love, Vesper Lynd. Shake it very well until its ice-cold, then add a large thin slice of lemon-peel. This is an aperitif that ages French Sauternes in French Oak barrels with cinchona bark and orange peel. At that point, simply strain out the solid matter and enjoy. Kina Lillet was launched in 1895 as an aperitif and tonic and quickly became known as the aperitif of Bordeaux. When combined with dry gin it provides texture, a subtle nutty flavor and a grounding sense of earthiness. Then theres the Lillet to consider. Finally, dont forget to bear in mind the other ingredients if youre enjoying your quinquina in a cocktail! Afterwards, the connection is aged for usually around a year in oak casks. Vesper- Lillet Blanc, gin, vodka, lemon peel4. The Kina substitute The original Kina Lillet was a French fortified wine, infused with botanicals including cinchona bark the bitter flavor in traditional tonic water. Rafael. Unlike its competitors such as Dubonnet, Lillets Kina wasnt marketed as a remedy but a drink for pleasure. Amaro Angeleno is an Italian liqueur that is gaining popularity in the United States. So this girl, Krystyna Skarbek I believe was the inspiration for Vesper.. In this movie, James Bond orders a Vesper, containing three measures of Gordons, one of vodka, and one of Kina Lillet. Finally, I should explain that 'kina' comes from the Native Indian word Kina-Kina, meaning the "bark of barks". History [ edit] In 1872, the brothers Paul and Raymond Lillet, distillers and merchants of wines and spirits, founded their company La Maison Lillet in Podensac, south of Bordeaux, France. Maurin Quina is probably mostly famous for its poster than the actual beverage itself, which was designed by Leonetto Cappiello and features a devilish green fairy. Vespers offer a delicious bittersweet combination. Was 10.50. Kina Lillet Sweet Vermouth makes the perfect Negroni. So if youre looking for a more familiar and known Lillet blanc alternative, then we recommend sweet vermouth. As well as the Cinchona bark, it includes a variety of herbs and botanicals including grande and petite wormwood. The most popular cocktails that feature Lillet Blanc as a star ingredient are:1. How to replace Drambuie in cocktails and cooking. It is much drier than Lillet Blanc, its replacement. 0 in trolley. It can be combined with sparkling wine, club soda, or with a bitter aperitivo. For a good Vesper you need a proper London dry and No.3 for me is perfect.. The Classic Vesper Martini 10 BEST Side Dishes. Simply shake equal parts gin, lemon juice, curaao such as Cointreau, blanc quinquina, and a dash of absinthe. In a deep champagne goblet., Just a moment. Other backups you can try include Swedish Punsch, Reserve Jean De Lillet, Amaro Angeleno, or St Germain. However, this changed in 1985 when Bruno Borie acquired the brand from the Lillet family. Gordons was the symbol of England at the time, it was the gin of the moment. Although we arguably cover Lillets transition in better detail in our quinquina guide, well provide you with a brief summary so you understand what happened to Kina Lillet and what Lille Blanc is today.

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