pekin duckling feather stages

Provide clean water in a shallow dish they can drink from but not … Terms and Conditions, Fang G, Jia X, Li H, Tan S, Nie Q, Yu H, Yang Y. BMC Genomics. In the second stage (1 DB to 10WK), only one profile (profile #14) was found statistically significant expression as shown in B2. The involvement of mmu-miR-199a and miR-140 in hair follicle and skin development are related to hair follicle cycling in mammals [24, 43]. Thus, we assumed that feather development in avian species is regulated by miRNA, which might differ from that in mammalian skin and hair. The quality and yield of duck feathers are very important economic traits that might be controlled by miRNA regulation. 8. Most places will give you a lower price per bird if you buy more than a few at a time. The quality and yield of duck feathers are very important economic traits that might be controlled by miRNA regulation. Expressed miRNAs target feather related mRNAs involved in cell signaling, cell adhesion and structure during chicken epidermal development. Poult Sci. The Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEMv 1.1) program was used to cluster and visualize possible profiles and changes in expression over time (less than 8 time points) in differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs. The feathers of ducks are widely used for decoration and to line clothing, bedding, and so on [3]. 2013;519:77–81. 2008;3:046007. Chen XY, Bai HC, Li L, Jia Ng RS, Zhang W, Geng ZY. 2015 Dec;46(6):627-35. doi: 10.1111/age.12343. It has been widely accepted that BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways play pivotal roles in feather follicle growth and development. 7). http://srna-workbench.cmp.uea.ac.uk/tools/analysis-tools/mircat/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE101542, http://www.microrna.org/microrna/getMirnaForm, http://figshare.com/articles/QPX_Genome_Browser_Feature_Tracks/701214, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12861-017-0153-1, bmcdevelopmentalbiology@biomedcentral.com. Reads that did not match any of the databases mentioned above were marked as non-annotated. In addition, we investigated the miRNAome during feather development using Solexa sequencing. Database: figshare [Internet]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! I'm wondering how long does it take untill they are fully grown ducks with all there feathers? The mean number of miRNAs with expression values over 1000 TPM was 58 (16.4%), among which 19 miRNAs (5.4%) expressed over 10,000 TPM, and two miRNAs expressed over 100,000 TPM, and the 19 top most expressed miRNAs accounted for 82.5% of the total unique miRNAs (Additional file 6: Figure S2 and Additional file 7: Table S5). Ten miRNAs, including seven conserved and three novel miRNAs were validated, and 5.8S rRNA was selected as a reference gene for normalization (Additional file 1: Table S1). Article  a The total clustering of miRNA into each expression profile, and five colored profiles were listed as profile #0 (b), profile #55 (c), profile #79 (d), profile #26 (e), and profile #72 (f), Clustering of miRNA expression profiles during two stages of feather follicle development. Thus, we propose that genes that were involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism signal pathways could be candidate genes that are also responsible for feather quality. (XLS 286 kb). 19 4 17. MicroRNA-26a is a novel regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell function. Heatmap visualization of miRNA with significant expression variance in response to different stages of feather follicle development. J Invest Dermatol. A better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying feather development in ducks might be of benefit to the down feather industry and genes participating in the signaling pathways that regulate feather follicle formation might be used as candidate genes for molecular marker screening in the future. Pekin duck may refer to: American Pekin, an American breed of duck (the Pekin of the American Poultry Association) German Pekin, a European breed of duck (the Pekin of the Poultry Club of Great Britain) Peking duck, a Chinese duck dish; Peking Duk, an Australian music duo; See also. 1b). (XLS 286 kb) (XLS 24 kb), Predicted chromosomal positions and counts of novel miRNAs. (TIFF 1306 kb), Summary of reads distribution of 354 known duck miRNAs. MicroRNA-214 controls skin and hair follicle development by modulating the activity of the Wnt pathway. Google Scholar. Bao W, Greenwold MJ, Sawyer RH. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A. The head is large and rounded, and the neck is thick. As in start throwing dirt on it, it’s not coming back.Of course I write all my posts on the Kindle and I hadn’t uploaded them to my cloud, so bye-bye posts. my Kindle died. The analysis of the slides was performed according to Chen et al. Bioinspir Biomim. A normal everyday price for Pekin ducklings seems to stay around the $7 mark for small orders. December 2019 – Animal Welfare: all about our Pekin ducks – Stages of development…and more! 2010;130:124–34. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The really young duckings, like the newly hatched ones will still be a bit awkward and very round. The most highly expressed miRNA in that study was quite different from that observed in duck feather regeneration [9]. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114127. We first normalized miRNA-sequence data from 18 libraries as transcripts per million (TPM). The plumage is creamy white, the legs and feet are a yellowish … In addition, some pathways related to lipid metabolism, such as phosphatidylinositol, O-glycan biosynthesis, inositol phosphate, and glycerophospholipid metabolism, were actively regulated by miRNAs in skin tissue. RNA was then precipitated with ethanol and dissolved in water. 2005;132:1499–509. Only two DE miRNAs were detected from 4WK to 10WK: miR2131–3p and miR-196-1-3p, which reportedly targets the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the rarab gene, and is responsible for pectoral fin bud initiation in zebrafish [44]. MiR-31 is responsible for the anagen phase of the follicle cycle and could alter hair shaft formation anddifferentiation in hair matrix keratinocytes [25]. CAS  statement and ZG provided the financial supports for all sample sequencing and tissue histology, XC provided the financial support for gene quantification. Vienna RNA secondary structure server. 2003;105:635–53. Ducks were slaughtered by sectioning the neck 2–4 h after the last meal at three stages of development: 1 d, 4 and 10 weeks of age (1 DB, 4WK, and 10WK) post-hatch. The structure of bird skin and feathers differ from that of similar structures in mammals [1]. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. BMC Genomics. As there is no appropriate database or method to predict duck miRNA target genes, miRanda version 3.1 (http://www.microrna.org/microrna/getMirnaForm) was used for target gene prediction. In general, a Pekin is a big, white duck with an orange beak that is a hearty, friendly bird. Cygnet Swan Waterbird. 88 37 51. This is why ducklings usually need an external source of heat for warmth in their early days. Starting from the miRNA with the highest counts (x-axis), the black bar represents the accumulative proportion of miRNAs in total counts of each library. Based on the differentially expressed miRNAs at different developmental stages, and also combined with previous studies on feather growth [12], we speculated that the peak time for primary feather follicle formation might be during the incubation period, while the peak for second feather follicle formation was during the early growth period post hatch and before 4 weeks of age. During the first stage (11EM to 1 DB), there were four profiles (profile #9, profile #34, profile #1, and profile #26) found statistically significant as shown in A2, A3, A4, and A5, respectively. Identification and profiling of microRNAs associated with white and black plumage pigmentation in the white and black feather bulbs of ducks by RNA sequencing. They are characterized by large body, yellow bill and creamy white feathers, with orange shanks and toes. MicroRNA181a plays a key role in hair cell regeneration in the avian auditory epithelium. 4, the default p-value was 1e-4). The purified RNA yield was determined by the absorbance at 260 nm with an ND-2000 NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher, USA), and RNA quality was evaluated with the BioAnalyzer 2100 system (Agilent Technologies, USA) that was done at Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation. … Photochem Photobiol. White Pekin duck embryos (Anhui Taiyang Poultry Co. Ltd., China) of similar genetic background were selected at days 11, 15, and 20 of embryonic development (11EM, 15EM, and 20EM). -, Fan HP, Xie M, Wang WW, Hou SS, Huang W. Effects of dietary energy on growth performance and carcass quality of white growing Pekin ducks from two to six weeks of age. 2019 May 8;10(5):351. doi: 10.3390/genes10050351. 43 39 7. From the heatmap generated (Fig. Terms with Benjamini-corrected enrichment p < 0.01 and FDR < 0.05 were considered. Six 2-week-old Cryptosporidium-free Peking ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) each received 2.0 x 10(6) viable Cryptosporidium serpentis oocysts from 6 naturally infected captive snakes. 2008;87:1162–1164. It occurs when the weight of the growing feathers causes rotation of the wing tip, as a result of excess force exerted on the underlying ligaments and muscles.  |  Blood. I'll be attending the swap at TSC in Broken Arrow this Saturday (8/29) from 8 till noon with the following . Bioinformatics. Cite this article. Whether you brought home fertilized eggs or day old ducklings, learning the stages of duck development will help you better understand how to care for your new pets. Usually they only swam for 15 minutes at a time. Andl T, Murchison EP, Liu F, Zhang Y, Yunta-Gonzalez M, Tobias JW, Andl CD, Seykora JT, Hannon GJ, Millar SE. Significantly enriched KEGG pathways (32) were identified using the target genes of the 18 most abundant miRNAs in 18 libraries. Statistical significance of the number of genes assigned to each profile versus the numbers expected were computed by an algorithm and the default p-value was 1e-5 [18]. XC, MW, and ZG completed all bioinformatics analysis. Up-regulation of miR-203 is required for differentiation in human keratinocytes and is dependent on the activation of the Pkc/AP-1 pathway [39]. Jia H, Zhang Z, Zou D, Wang B, Yan Y, Luo M, Dong L, Yin H, Gong B, Li Z, Wang F, Song W, Liu C, Ma Y, Zhang J, Zhao H, Li J, Yu J. MicroRNA-10a is down-regulated by DNA methylation and functions as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer cells. For each stage, six skin samples collected from an area just above the second to third thoracic vertebrae were used for total RNA extraction. Skin development is governed by complex processes of gene activation and silencing, and entails miRNA-dependent modulation of gene expression. We therefore conducted a comprehensive investigation using Solexa sequencing technology on the Pekin duck microRNAome over six stages of feather development at days 11, 15, and 20 of embryonic development (during the hatching period), and at 1 day and 4 and 10 weeks posthatch. Sonkoly E, Wei T, Loriè EP, Suzuki H, Kato M, Törmä H, Stahle M, Pivarcsi A. (2013) [14]. Masson trichrome staining of feather follicle. Molecular Signaling and Nutritional Regulation in the Context of Poultry Feather Growth and Regeneration. 2014;41:84–91. 2013;113:1231–41. They produce more than 200 eggs per year, grow faster, adapt well to confinement and attain marketable size of 3 kilograms at 7 weeks hence ideal for commercial production. Development. Environment and management factors affecting Pekin duck production and welfare on commercial farms in the UK. 2015;3:169–195. Mardaryev AN, Ahmed MI, Vlahov NV, Fessing MY, Gill JH, Sharov AA, Botchkareva NV. The eyes of the pekin duck boast grayish-blue coloured iris, when observed closely. You can get different products to treat Lice and Mites, but you’d be best to … J Cell Physiol. 25 … MicroRNA-10a binds the 5’UTR of ribosomal protein mRNAs and enhances their translation. Article  6). Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39:9843–8. 2011;357:463–77. 2015;3:169–95. Since the building is kept at a temperature of 28°C, it is also important to regularly replace the food and … The Pekin duck is from Chinese descent, but has been developed as an American duck. Privacy The series of miRNAs related to feather follicle formation as summarized in the present study showed two expression patterns, with primary follicle developed during embryonic stage and secondary follicle developed mainly at early post hatch stage. Oh man, what a morning this morning has been. Species such as the Pekin, and the Indian runner-duck, start as yellow ducklings. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. It uses material from Wikipedia.org. Differential expression profiles of microRNAs in NIH3T3 cells in response to UVB irradiation. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs serve as biological regulators that mediate gene expression [7]. Two other miRNAs, gga-miR-26a and gga-miR-181a, were highly expressed and ranked as the third and fourth most highly expressed miRNAs, respectively. 2018 May 24;19(1):391. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4778-7. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested that in addition to Wnt and transforming growth factor (TGFβ) signaling pathways, which were widely reported in response to follicle formation, another group of signaling pathways that regulate lipid synthesis and metabolism, such as the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and glycerolipid metabolism and signaling, are also responsible for follicle formation. Gene. Signaling involved in hair follicle morphogenesis and development. Qin L, Chen Y, Liu X, Ye S, Yu K, Huang Z, Yu J, Zhou X, Chen H, Mo D. Integrative analysis of porcine microRNAome during skeletal muscle development. After this time, transfer ducklings to an indoor brooder box, such as a large plastic bin lined with a bath towel or old T-shirt. Circ Res. 1d). 79 73 19. See more ideas about pekin duck, duck, pet birds. 1c). Pekin ducks are apparently most susceptible to wet feather, so if you raise Pekin ducks, it's very important to keep their pen as dry and mud-free as possible and be sure that they get the opportunity to splash around in water or swim often. Hydrophobic duck feathers and their simulation on textile substrates for water repellent treatment. All mapped clean reads were further annotated and classified by alignment against non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the Rfam database and miRbase 21 in order to further assess the efficiency of Solexa sequencing for miRNA detection as exhibited in Fig. Analysis of miRNA expression profiles identified 18 highly expressed miRNAs, which might be directly responsible for regulation of feather development. The red horizontal line represents the proportion of individual miRNA versus the total 354 miRNAs. Leeper NJ, Raiesdana A, Kojima Y, Chun HJ, Azuma J, Maegdefessel L, Kundu RK, Quertermous T, Tsao PS, Spin JM. 2008;30:460–71. A total of 354 miRNAs were identified in duck feather follicles (Additional file 5: Table S4). Clustering of miRNA expression profiles during two stages of feather follicle development. PLoS One. The followingnormalization formula was used: Normalized expression = Actual miRNA count/Total count of clean reads × 1000,000. 5), whereas 28 out of 165 DE miRNAs observed from 1 day to 10 weeks were significantly clustered into a single expression pattern (Fig. Rishikaysh P, Dev K, Diaz D, Qureshi WMS, Filip S, Mokry J. 2008;3:046007. doi: 10.1088/1748-3182/3/4/046007. It can also be expressed in several human tumors, such as those of ovarian cancer and breast cancer, by targeting Bim to promote cell proliferation. The small RNA sequence reads were pre-processed using the FASTX-Toolkit [15], excluding low-quality reads (ambiguous N, quality <10 nucleotides [nt], and length < 18 nt) as well as the 3′ and 5′ adapters and poly (A) sequences. 2011;493:44–8. Article  1e). 2007;3:12. In the mouse embryo, miR-10a is mainly expressed in a region of the posterior trunk [30]. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. High-throughput assessment of microRNA activity and function using microRNA sensor and decoy libraries. 2020 Jan 21;10:1609. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01609. Duck Water Nature. The cardinality of each cluster ranged from 13 DE miRNAs in cluster #26, to 55 in cluster #0 (Additional file 9: Table S7). PLoS One. There were only 19 miRNAs expressed over 10,000 TPM suggested that the majority of abundantly expressed miRNAs were fewer in number. 99 79 19. FASEB J. Characterization of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in skin tissue between early-feathering and late-feathering chickens. 2010;51:12–21. ZG provided the experimental design and developed the methodology. The amplified cDNA constructs were then purified from agarose gel in preparation for sequencing analysis, which was conducted at the Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation, using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 System (Illumina, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Also how old do they have to be so they can swim by themselves so I don't have to watch them the whole time. GONE!!! MicroRNA-184 antagonizes microRNA-203 to maintain SHIP2 levels in epithelia. A total of 133 of the 205 DE miRNAs (64.9%) (Additional file 8: Table S6) were observed during feather formation. An overview of feathers formation, moults and down production in geese. Article  Each box corresponded to a model of expression profile and only colored profiles reached statistical significance were listed. Therefore, we selected skin samples of ducks from the early embryonic stages up until feathers were fully developed at 10 weeks of age. At the early embryonic stage of 11EM, cell proliferation was detected to form feather bud at epithelium (Fig. Guo L, Huang ZX, Chen XW, Deng QK, Yan W, Zhou MJ, Ou C, Ding Z. However, it is worth mentioning, that with the exception of the signal pathways that are usually reported, there were other types of signal pathways that regulated lipid synthesis and metabolism, such as the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, glycerolipid metabolism, O-glycan biosynthesis, inositol phosphate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Total RNA was extracted from the skin samples using a mirVanamiRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion, USA) according to Qin et al. doi: 10.3382/ps.2007-00460. 4. Feather Pecking. (XLS 362 kb), Counts characteristics of the unique miRNAs in each library. (2016) reported that 226 miRNA genes differentially expressed among three embryonic stages in the chicken in which 21 miRNAs targeted genes were feather related [10]. Immune-related miRNA-mRNA regulation network in the livers of DHAV-3-infected ducklings. USA.gov. 60 47 17. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Discovery of cashmere goat (Capra hircus) microRNAs in skin and hair follicles by Solexa sequencing. Pekin duckling. Background: Samples are represented in the column, miRNAs are represented in rows, and the color scale on top illustrates the relative expression levels of indicated miRNA across all samples: red denotes expression >0 and green denotes expression <0, Clustering of miRNA expression profiles over the entire experimental period. PLoS One. 2020 Feb 4;21(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-6539-7. FDR indicates the expected proportion of false positives among the results deemed significant [17]. Epub 2015 Sep 15. Ahmed MI, Alam M, Emelianov VU, Poterlowicz K, Patel A, Sharov AA, Mardaryev AN, Botchkareva NV. Newly hatched ducklings come with fluffy plumage. Br Poult Sci. Amelio I, Lena AM, Bonanno E, Melino G, Candi E. miR-24 affects hair follicle morphogenesis targeting Tcf-3. Liu Y, Chen X, Xin JH. Google Scholar. (XLS 86 kb), Saturation plots of 18 libraries. Dev Biol. When I took them out, I dried them as best as I could with a towel and … Cookies policy. MicroRNA with high expression in a certain developmental stage might play important roles in regulating the biological processes. Characterization of microRNA species in Peking duck skin. 2012;41:1005–12. [14] because we both performed the miRNA sequencing at Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation. These two miRNAs were down-regulated from 11EM to 1 DB, suggesting their role in the regulation of feather generation during the early embryonic periods. 61 50 10. CAS  When consulting textbooks for help, often a dizzying array of waterfowl diseases are encountered. . Individual libraries were analyzed on a BioAnalyzer (Agilent) for the presence of linked cDNA at the appropriate size (140–150 bp), as determined by the BioAnalyzer. RNA smaller than 200 bp was enriched with the mirVanamiRNA isolation kit (Ambion). Their legs are a reddish or orange-yellow, and the bill is yellow. 2010;19:854–6. Feather follicle development could be divided into two distinct stages, one for primary follicle and the other for secondary follicle, which initiated different miRNAs expression. a 11EM; b 15EM; c 20EM; d 1 DB, e 4WK; f 10WK. PubMed Central  Wood Ducks Hen. Preventing wet feather, or conditions that might lead to the condition, is important. β-catenin in epithelial morphogenesis: Coversion of part of avian foot scales into feather buds with a mutatedβ-catenin. Jun 12, 2014 - Hi everyone, I'm trying to figure out if anyone can determine if one of my ~6 month old Pekin ducks is a male or a female.

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