which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

b. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? c. transference. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. Which would be a part of your paradigm? Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Cognitive therapies. b. negative transference. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders c. reject thoughts that are not rational. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. b. prevention. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Consider where students sit in a class. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. 2.3.1.1. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. c. superego. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. 15. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. b. behavioral-focused Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. Operant conditioning. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. 2.2.2.3. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. 30. 51. Banduras Classic Experiment. c. the id, ego, and superego. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Dealing with anxiety. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? Multidimensional Approaches to Understanding Mental Illness | Abnormal With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. b. family structure and communication. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? But before these diagnostic categories What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). 94. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. b. axons. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. I know my grandmother used to. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. d. classical conditioning. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. c. tertiary prevention. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress c. manifest content. a. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? The nervous system. 134. d. psychodynamic. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. c. gestalt. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? You are doing your best. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. 62. d. fixation. d. free association. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: 2.3.3.2. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. We will cover this process in three parts. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. b. b. exposure Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. d. behavioral. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. I'm here for you." They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. 2.3.2.1. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. b. Freud. 2.2.2. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. Conditioning. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 2.3.3.4. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. 2.2.2.2. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. c. sociocultural. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . 56. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. 132. 2.2.3.2. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? 149. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. 2.3.2.2. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? a. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. a. gestalt The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? The development of personality. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. b. b. ego. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. This is known as A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. d. latency stage. a. Neurotransmitters are released. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? d. brain circuits. 17. Hmm. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. 12. Right? PDF CHAPTER 71 Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More 106. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. Why is this? Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? b. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. b. ego. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. d. classical conditioning. b. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? d. secondary process thought. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. c. psychodynamic. b. exposure therapy. None of the models are complete within themselves. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. How so? 102. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. How so? She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" c. irrational patterns of thinking. d. case studies. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. 2.2.1.2. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. c. sociocultural 19. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. 78. Neural transmission. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. c. deep brain stimulation. Figure 2.2. b. denial. c. ego. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. a. humanistic When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. The humanistic perspective. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. c. psychodynamic. a. modeling. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. b. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. See Figure 2.4 below. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. 46. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. c. congenital malformations. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years.

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