characteristics of spanish colonial literature

Their best-known plays include Canción de cuna (1911; Cradle Song) and El reino de Dios (1916; The Kingdom of God), which feature strong, resourceful, maternal women who represent an idealization of motherhood, a typical feature of their plays. The Spanish Colonial era in Texas began with a system of missions and presidios, designed to spread Christianity and to establish control over the region. Ana García de la Torre (Ana García del Espinar), a more progressive contemporary, treated problems of class, gender, and the proletariat, writing especially on the “working girl” and portraying utopian workers’ socialist movements. Preferring British and American paradigms that devoted more attention to style, subjectivity, and psychological narrative than did the dominant trends in Spanish literature of the period, Benet condemned costumbrismo and social realism as unimaginative. He fathered Spain’s one-act play, perhaps the country’s most vital and popular dramatic form. A propitious intellectual atmosphere fomented the founding of universities, and under Alfonso X of Castile and Leon (reigned 1252–84) vernacular literature achieved prestige. Start studying Characteristics of Spanish Literature Eras. After Calderón’s death, Spanish drama languished for 100 years. His Proemio e carta al condestable de Portugal (1449; “Preface and Letter to the Constable of Portugal”), which initiated literary history and criticism in Spanish, reflected his readings in contemporary foreign languages and translated classics. Popular taste in the novel was dominated for a century by progeny of the medieval courtly romance Amadís de Gaula. The Civil War decimated Spanish intellectuals, artists, and writers, and the country’s culture went into decline, uninterrupted by a brief spate of triunfalismo (“triumphalism”) that lasted through the 1940s, when the victorious Falange, the Spanish fascist party, engaged in propagandistic self-glorification. Valle’s works usually treat his native Galicia; Tirano Banderas, satirizing desultory revolutions and set in a fictional Latin American country, is sometimes considered his masterpiece. Latin American literature, the national literatures of the Spanish-speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere. Torres Villarroel experimented with all literary genres, and his collected works, published 1794–99, are fertile sources for studying 18th-century character, aesthetics, and literary style. The trilogy Comedias bárbaras (1907, 1908, 1923), set in an anachronistic, semifeudal Galicia and linked by a single protagonist, is in dialogue form, which gives these novels the feel of impossibly long cinematographic dramas. Their poetry, often neo-Baroque, self-consciously cosmopolitan, and intertextual, was a late 20th-century variant of culteranismo; it emphasized museums, foreign films, international travel—anything but contemporary Spain with its problems. Amar published on many topics, most frequently women’s right to education. About 1775 Diego González led the Salamanca poetry revival group seeking inspiration in Fray Luis de León; two decades later a group at Sevilla turned to Fernando de Herrera. The literature of the former Spanish colonies in the Americas is treated separately under Latin American literature. The work of Encina’s Portuguese disciple Gil Vicente, a court poet at Lisbon who wrote in both Castilian and Portuguese, showed a significantly improved naturalness of dialogue, acuteness of observation, and sense of situation. The first European poetry to be heard in the New World was most surely the ballads sung by Columbus’s sailors in their settlements on the island of Hispaniola (now comprising the states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic). St. Luke, illuminated page from the Beatus Apocalypse, Mozarabic, 975; in the Gerona Cathedral, Spain. Gálvez’s Moratín-style comedy Los figurones literarios (1804; “The Literary Nobodies”) ridicules pedantry; her tragedy Florinda (1804) attempts to vindicate the woman blamed for Spain’s loss to the Muslims; and her biblical drama Amnón (1804) recounts the biblical rape of Tamar by her brother Amnon. During the reign of King John II, the anarchy of feudalism’s death throes contrasted with the cultivation of polite letters, which signified good birth and breeding. Darío greatly enriched the musical resources of Spanish verse with the daring use of new rhythms and metres, creating an introspective, cosmopolitan, and aesthetically beautiful poetry. American history is a history of colonies. Joining Cela in reviving Spanish fiction during the 1940s was Carmen Laforet, whose Nada (1945, “Nothing”; Eng. Spanish Colonization in the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish- governor-general in the Philipppines . Andrea), with its bewildered adolescent’s perspective of war’s aftermath, became an instant best seller. Costumbrismo began before Romanticism, contributing to both Romanticism and the later realism movement through realistic prose. Fray Gerundio (1758) by José Francisco de Isla, satirizing exaggerated pulpit oratory, reincorporated aspects of the picaresque novel. Aiming at the semblance of profundity, conceptista style was concise, aphoristic, and epigrammatic and thus belonged primarily to prose, especially satire. Philippine literature in Spanish (Spanish: Literatura filipina en español; Filipino: Panitikang Pilipino sa Espanyol) is a body of literature made by Filipino writers in the Spanish language.Today, this corpus is the third largest in the whole corpus of Philippine literature (Philippine Literature in Filipino being the first, followed by Philippine literature in English). This group includes Antonio Martínez Ballesteros, Manuel Martínez Mediero, José Ruibal, Eduardo Quiles, Francisco Nieva, Luis Matilla, and Luis Riaza. Rimas influenced more 20th-century Spanish poets than any other 19th-century work. The first Mexican-born poet to attain renown was Francisco de Terrazas, who composed fine sonnets in the Petrarchan style, probably during the last half of the 16th century. Spanish drama originated in the church. By his death, in 2002, Cela—who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1989—had published by his own count more than 100 books, including a dozen novels, numerous story collections, travel books, critical essays, poetry, and literary sketches. He moved from Joycean models to realism to fantasy before achieving astounding success with his metaliterary, postmodern romps La saga/fuga de J.B. (1972; “J.B.’s Flight and Fugue”) and Fragmentos de apocalipsis (1977; “Fragments of Apocalypse”). The Scavenger and The Swindler). Focusing on the economic richness brought about by so much trade, Balbuena exults in the beauty of the city’s horses, monuments, markets, fruit, and pageants. Lope ransacked the literary past for heroic themes, chosen to illustrate aspects of the national character or of social solidarity. Andalusian regionalism prevailed in many of Juan Valera’s novels, but his remarkable psychological insights in Pepita Jiménez (1874) and Doña Luz (1879) made him the father of Spain’s psychological novel. trans. Quiroga’s novels typically portrayed women and children. This article … Had Martín-Santos not died at age 39, Spanish fiction in the 1970s and ’80s might have reached greater heights. Other playwrights who emerged in the closing years of the 20th century include Miguel Romeo Esteo, Francisco Rojas Zorrilla, Angel García Pintado, Marcial Suárez, Jerónimo López Mozo, Domingo Miras, and Alberto Miralles. trans. During the colonial period, Venezuela's economy focused on the production of coffee, indigo, sugarcane and cocoa. Excelling in the comedy of manners with sparkling dialogue and satiric touches, Benavente never alienated his devoted upper-class public. Despite this proliferation of modes, many novelists continued producing what might be considered “traditional” narrative. Pedro Calderón de la Barca adapted Lope de Vega’s formula for producing tightly structured dramas wherein formal artistry and poetic texture combine with thematic profundity and unified dramatic purpose. More specifically, these were poems written in the manner of Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando furioso and Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata. Models for epic poetry were the works of Italian poets Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso, but the themes and heroes of Spanish epics celebrated overseas conquest or defense of the empire and the faith. These juegos (short satiric entertainments given by traveling players) antedated the plays that constitute one of Spain’s main contributions to dramatic genres: the pasos, entremeses, and sainetes, all short, typically humorous works originally used as interludes. Among them, Colonial and post-Colonial Literature focus on expressing the social and cultural aspects related to the colonial era and the decolonization era. The flowering of Spanish mysticism coincided with the Counter-Reformation, although antecedents appear, particularly in the expatriate Spanish Jew León Hebreo, whose Dialoghi di amore (1535; “The Dialogues of Love”), written in Italian, profoundly influenced 16th-century and later Spanish thought. In 1983 Quiroga became the second woman elected to the Royal Spanish Academy. He received the Cervantes Prize in 1985. Nominally satirizing the moribund chivalric romance, Cervantes presented “reality” on two levels: the “poetic truth” of Don Quixote and the “historic truth” of his squire, Sancho Panza. Both employ framing structures in which, like Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron, men and women gather to tell stories; many characters from the first collection appear in the second, including the protagonist, Lisis. Ángela de Acevedo—a lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth (Isabel de Borbón), wife of King Philip IV—left three extant plays of unknown dates: El muerto disimulado (“The Pretending Dead Man”), La Margarita del Tajo que dió nombre a Santarem (“Margarita of Tajo Who Named Santarem”), and Dicha y desdicha del juego y devoción de la Virgen (“Bliss and Misfortune in Gaming and Devotion to the Virgin”). By the end of the Spanish Civil War, in 1939, many writers of the Generation of 1927 were dead or in exile. His later works represent naturalism or reflect turn-of-the-century spiritualism. Among women writers, Carmen de Burgos Seguí (pseudonym Colombine) wrote hundreds of articles, more than 50 short stories, some dozen long novels and numerous short ones, many practical books for women, and socially oriented treatises on subjects such as divorce. Colonial society was hierarchical, based upon on the amount of non-Spanish blood a person possessed. A similar attempt at epic, Lope de Vega’s Dragontea (1598), retells Sir Francis Drake’s last voyage and death. Her crowning achievement is the novelistic cycle of Tadea: Tristura (1960; “Sadness”), Escribo tu nombre (1965; “I Write Your Name”), and Se acabó todo, muchacha triste (“It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue”), begun in the late 1960s but left unfinished at Quiroga’s death in 1995. Presencia a oscuras (1952; “Presence in Darkness”) reacted to the marginality she felt while in exile and commenced a spiritual quest intensified by Domenchina’s death in 1959. The drama achieved its true splendour in the genius of Lope de Vega (in full Lope Félix de Vega Carpio). The Pleasant Memoirs of the Marquis de Bradomin: Four Sonatas). Pombo, originally known as a poet, turned later to the novel; El metro de platino iradiado (1990; “The Metre of Irradiated Platinum”) is considered by many his masterpiece. For works written in Latin during this period, see Latin literature: Ancient Latin literature. Brothers Manuel and Antonio Machado collaborated on several lyric plays during the 1920s and early 1930s. These cities became the centres of European culture in America. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. These works, some under his personal editorship, include the great legal code Las Siete Partidas (“The Seven Divisions”), containing invaluable information on daily life, and compilations from Arabic sources on astronomy, on the magical properties of gems, and on games, especially chess. Banished from Madrid to Aragón in 1768 on suspicion of being the author of a sharp satire, he wrote the poems later collected in Ocios de mi juventud (1773; “Pastimes of My Youth”). Like the social novel, social theatre featured generic or collective protagonists, economic injustices, and social-class conflicts, their depictions calculated to suggest Franco’s responsibility for the exploitation and suffering of the underprivileged. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The cloak-and-sword play delighted by the dexterity of its intricate plotting, its sparkling dialogue, and the entangled relationships depicted between the sexes. She was contemporaneous with and involved in Surrealism, Ultraism, and prewar experimentation with prose poems, but she is rarely included with the Generation of 1927; her preoccupation with issues of social justice—especially education of the poor—is often taken as a pretext for this exclusion, even though survivors of that generation remaining in Spain also produced “social” poetry. Replete with intertextual references and cinematographic staging techniques, these playwrights’ works treat contemporary problems but approach them more playfully than their socially committed predecessors. Spanish Colonial Text 1521 to 1898 3. Santillana’s sonnets in the “Italian style” launched the formal enrichment of Spanish poetry. Following Franco’s death, several new, younger dramatists gained recognition in the 1980s. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. The main difference between colonial and postcolonial literature lies in the time period the literature was created and the perspective of the literary text. His 20 plays were sober, studied, and imbued with serious moral purpose, and his Verdad sospechosa (1634; “The Truth Suspected”) inspired the great French dramatist Pierre Corneille’s Menteur (1643). The work of the dramatist, poet, essayist, and short-fiction writer José de Cadalso y Vázquez (pseudonym Dalmiro) moves between Neoclassic aesthetics and Romantic cosmic despair. Elena Quiroga, a conscientious stylist, experimented with varying forms and themes, employing a dead protagonist in Algo pasa en la calle (1954; “Something’s Happening in the Street”) to examine domestic conflict aggravated by Franco’s outlawing of divorce. Leandro Fernández de Moratín applied the lesson to full-length plays, producing effective comedies imbued with deep social seriousness. El hereje (1998; The Heretic), perhaps his masterpiece, depicts the abuse of power by the Spanish Inquisition. Omissions? Some, however, recognize Cadalso and several lesser cultivators of Gothic fiction as 18th-century Spanish antecedents. The creation of a native elite, able to write and imbued with Western culture, was crucial to the empire’s functioning, so colleges and universities were founded: a college in Mexico in 1536 and a university in 1551, a university in 1538 in Hispaniola, and a university in Lima in 1551. PHILIPPINE MEDIA AND LITERATURE DURING THE PRE-SPANISH ERA The following are accounts of existence and developments of Philippine literature from the Pre-Spanish Colonization: The Start of Recorded History The end of Philippine prehistory is April 21 900 AD, the date inscribed in the oldest Philippine document found so far, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. Neoclassical poet Manuel José Quintana praised Gálvez’s odes and elegies and considered her the best woman writer of her time. Medieval historiographers often incorporated prose versions of these cantares in their chronicles, Latin and vernacular; it was by this process that the fanciful Cantar de Rodrigo (“Song of Rodrigo”), chronicling the Cid’s early manhood with elements of the later legend, was preserved. Unamuno was an influential journalist and an unsuccessful but powerful dramatist who also ranks among Spain’s greatest 20th-century poets. Requiem for a Spanish Peasant). Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. A complicated system, called the casta, delineated over 100 separate names for groups containing certain levels of Native American and African blood. By the 1960s, gray, pedestrian critical realism had run its course. trans. trans. The Spanish empire, founded in 1492, ended with defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, which prompted Spanish intellectuals to diagnose their country’s ills and to seek ways to jolt the nation out of what they perceived to be its abulia (lack of will). The Spanish Neorealistic variants with their testimonial thrust subjected aesthetic considerations to their content, exhibiting the pedestrian style, simplistic techniques, and repetitive themes traditionally attributed to engagé (socially committed) literature. It is medieval Spanish drama’s only extant text. Another reaction appeared in the picaresque novel, a genre initiated with the anonymous Lazarillo de Tormes (1554). His work helped to give rise among Spain’s enemies to the infamous Leyenda Negra (“Black Legend”). Although literature in the vernacular was not written until the medieval period, Spain had previously made significant contributions to literature. The former, imported from Italy, oozed nostalgia for an Arcadian golden age; its shepherds were courtiers and poets who, like the knights-errant of chivalric romance, turned their backs on reality. A neonaturalist, he saw the world as a cruel place, and many of his works—including the trilogies La raza (1908–11; “The Race”) and La lucha por la vida (1903–04; “The Struggle for Life”) and the two-part Agonías de nuestro tiempo (1926; “Agonies of Our Time”)—portray squalid, subhuman conditions, prostitutes and criminals, and ignorance and disease. Realistic drama in Spain produced few masterpieces but established a bourgeois comedy of manners further developed in the 20th century. The themes of history and patriotism flourished as Spain’s power increased; among the finest achievements from this epoch was Juan de Mariana’s own translation into Spanish (1601) of his Latin history of Spain, which marked the vernacular’s triumph for all literary purposes. Connecting the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is the masterful Comedia de Calixto y Melibea (1499), a novel of 16 “acts” in dialogue form published anonymously but attributed to Fernando de Rojas. Tusquets is best known for a trilogy of thematically related but independent novels: El mismo mar de todos los veranos (1978; The Same Sea As Every Summer), El amor es un juego solitario (1979; Love Is a Solitary Game), and Varada tras el último naufragio (1980; “Beached After the Last Shipwreck”; Eng. The former Aztec capital was already a major metropolis when the Spaniards took over, and they strove earnestly to compete with the institutions of the vanquished, particularly in religion but also in theatre, poetry, and all forms of oral literature. His dramas inveighed against hypocrisy and corrupt values with mordant irony. trans. Nevertheless, the Cid’s adventures lived on in epic, chronicle, ballad, and drama, reputedly embodying Castilian character. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Mexican-born Juan Ruiz de Alarcón struck a distinctive note. His most significant accomplishment, his tetralogy Antagonía, comprises Recuento (1973; “Recounting”), Los verdes de mayo hasta el mar (1976; “May’s Greenery as Far as the Sea”), La cólera de Aquiles (1979; “The Rage of Achilles”), and Teoría del conocimiento (1981; “Theory of Knowledge”), which reveal him as a consummate practitioner of metafiction, pushing the limits of the self-conscious novel while destroying Francoist myths and creating new, liberating ones. Vernacular chroniclers mention many other heroic minstrel narratives, now lost, but, as a result of the incorporation of these narratives into chronicles, themes and textual passages can be reconstructed. Pilippine is a country rich in diversity and language heritage. The period’s most significant dramatist was Antonio Buero Vallejo, a former political prisoner; Historia de una escalera (1949; The Story of a Stairway), a symbolic social drama, marks the rebirth of Spanish theatre after the war. Her most personal collection, Honda raíz (1989; “Deep Roots”), treats lost love remembered, moving from joy to loss and infinite longing. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1922. He has never achieved the popularity of Ercilla, however. trans. Attempting to capture exotic landscapes in words, they enlarged the language’s resources. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The collection showed not merely the decadence of Galician-Portuguese troubadours but also the stirrings of more-intellectual poetry incorporating symbol, allegory, and Classical allusions in the treatment of moral, philosophical, and political themes. Updates? During pre-colonial times, there has been widespread evidence that the island inhabitants display a culture rich… SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. Concepción (Concha) Espina, often considered the first Spanish woman writer to earn her living exclusively from her writings, enjoyed tremendous popularity and was twice nominated for the Nobel Prize. Fernán Caballero (pseudonym of Cecilia Böhl de Faber) essayed techniques of observation new to the novel in La gaviota (1849; The Seagull). Contemporaneous with the Generation of 1898 but belonging aesthetically to the 19th century, Blasco Ibáñez wrote regional novels of Valencia, crusaded for socialism, and treated contemporary social problems from an anarchist perspective in such novels as La bodega (1905; “The Wine Vault”; Eng. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Tyrant), La corte de los milagros (1927; “The Court of Miracles”), and Viva mi dueño (1928; “Long Live My Lord”), the last two belonging to another trilogy, El ruedo ibérico (“The Iberian Cycle”). The conquistador, especially its ecclesiastical arm, destroyed whatever written literature he could find, and hence rendered the system of writing (e.g., the Tagalog syllabary) inoperable. These romances (narrative poems with eight-syllable lines), which harkened back to the Middle Ages, continued to be composed and sung in all areas where the Spaniards settled. Baroja also wrote adventure novels that glorified the “man of action,” a type that recurs throughout his novels. Regionalist José María de Pereda produced minute re-creations of nature, which was depicted as an abiding reality that dwarfed individuals. La Sigea (1854), the first of three historical novels, re-created the experience of the Renaissance humanist Luisa Sigea de Velasco; Jarilla and La rueda de desgracia (“The Wheel of Misfortune”) appeared in 1873. The Civil War and its traumatic aftermath prompted the abandonment of pure poetry for simpler approaches. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naïve. It was Spain’s first collection of prose fiction rendered in the vernacular. Other languages used in Philippine literature include English to a slight degree, the native Tagalog and other languages native to the Philippines. Gregorio Mayáns y Siscar produced the first biographical study of Cervantes in 1737, and church historian Enrique Flórez, embarking in 1754 on a vast historical enterprise, España sagrada, resurrected the cultural backgrounds of medieval Christian Spain. https://www.britannica.com/art/Spanish-literature, Spain Then and Now - Spanish Literature Overview, Jewish Virtual Library - Spanish and Portuguese Literature, Spanish literature - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish literature - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Latin literature: Ancient Latin literature, Proemio e carta al condestable de Portugal, True History of the Conquest of New Spain, Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo, Vida, ascendencia, nacimiento, crianza y aventuras, Emilia, condesa (countess) de Pardo Bazán, The Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Peoples, The Pleasant Memoirs of the Marquis de Bradomin: Four Sonatas. Galdós was a liberal crusader whose criticism of the Roman Catholic Church’s interventions in civic matters, of caciquism (caciquismo, or political bossism), and of reactionary power-grabs made him many enemies. Conde assiduously cultivated poetry’s universal themes: love, suffering, nature, dreams, memory, solitude, death, estrangement, religious questing, grief. Muñiz Higuera depicts individuals who must adapt to dominant reactionary values or be destroyed; his work recalls Valle-Inclán’s esperpento manner and German playwright Bertolt Brecht’s epic theatre. She continued writing his plays even after he abandoned her for another woman. While the poem has been praised for the authenticity lent by the fact that the poet was a participant in the wars he describes, and also for the very positive portrayal of the Araucanians, its deepest value lies in the poetic genius Ercilla brought to it. Juan Ruiz, an intensely alert, individual early poet, composed the Libro de buen amor (1330, expanded 1343; “Book of Good Love”), which combined disparate elements—Ovid, Aesop, the Roman Catholic liturgy, and the 12th-century Latin Pamphilus de amore, an anonymous elegiac comedy. Because the viceregal capitals were organized like European courts, literary activity thrived there throughout the colonial period. An Anti-feminist Treatise of Fifteenth Century Spain) by Luis Ramírez de Lucena. The viceroyalty comprising what is today roughly Mexico, parts of the southwestern United States, and Central America was called the Viceroyalty of Nueva España (New Spain), and the one centred in Peru was the Viceroyalty of Peru. Another major encyclopaedic talent, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, produced streams of reports, essays, memoirs, and studies on agriculture, the economy, political organization, law, industry, natural science, and literature, as well as ways to improve them, in addition to writing Neoclassical drama and poetry. Each represents a season (of the year and of human life) corresponding to the youth, plenitude, maturity, and old age of the narrator, a decadent Don Juan; intertextual allusions, nostalgia for an idealized past, aristocratic posing, melancholy, underlying parody, and humour abound. The name Generation of 1927 identifies poets that emerged about 1927, the 300-year anniversary of the death of Baroque poet Luis de Góngora y Argote, to whom these poets paid homage and which sparked a brief flash of neo-Gongorism. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He won international renown with Los cuatro jinetes del apocalipsis (1916; The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse), on World War I, and Mare nostrum (1918; Our Sea), on German submarine warfare in the Mediterranean. In El hombre deshabitado (1931; “The Uninhabited Man”), a modern allegorical play in the manner of Calderón’s autos sacramentales, he created poetic, fatalistic myths out of realistic themes and folk motifs. The playful poetry of Marinero en tierra (1925; “Landlocked Sailor”) yielded to stylistic complexities in Cal y canto (1927; “Quicklime and Song”) and to the sombre, introspective mood of Sobre los ángeles (1929; Concerning the Angels), a Surrealist collection reflecting personal crisis. A novelist, memorialist, biographer, anthologist, critic, archivist, and author of juvenile fiction, Conde published nearly 100 titles, including nine novels and several plays. She became a foreign correspondent during World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917. A subgenre vigorously cultivated was the misogynistic treatise warning against women’s wiles. Following the period of translation and compilation came brilliant original creations, represented in prose by Alfonso’s nephew Juan Manuel and in poetry by Juan Ruiz (also called Archpriest of Hita). Later works (Clamor [1957–63; “Clamour”] and Homenaje [1967; “Homage”]) displayed keener awareness of suffering and disorder. Armando Palacio Valdés was the novelist of Asturias, his native province, while Jacinto Octavio Picón was more cosmopolitan; both experimented with naturalism. Although not intended for dramatic presentation, it formed the basis for later dramas. Max Aub analyzed the civil conflict in the artistically and thematically impressive cycle of novels El laberinto mágico (1943–68; “The Magic Labyrinth”). His psychological drama of the Spanish Civil War, La casa de las Chivas (1968; “House of the Chivas”), holds Madrid box-office records. Miguel de Unamuno studied national problems perceptively in En torno al casticismo (1895), a collection of essays whose title—which means, roughly, “Concerning Spanishness”—reflects its analysis of the “essence” of Spanish national identity. Corrections? The novel has been seen as an allegory of the sterility of the upper classes, but its complexity transcends facile summary. The cuadro de costumbres and artículo de costumbres—short literary sketches on customs, manners, or character—were two types of costumbrista writing, typically published in the popular press or included as an element of longer literary works such as novels. Traditionalist reactions during the Counter-Reformation included treatises on the training of women, such as Fray Alonso de Herrera’s Espejo de la perfecta casada (c. 1637, “Mirror of the Perfect Wife”). El Antenor ( 1778 ) and Cela ( 1995 ) before him your Britannica newsletter get. 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Made significant contributions to literature, had languished Encyclopaedia Britannica, practiced the of. Castilian character Ercilla is considered a major influence on prose was exercised by Arabic was Vida ; o, (... Production of Romantic dramas was also postponed until after Ferdinand VII ’ greatest... By Arabic of emigration and military service areas, particularly in law and religious doctrine, became an instant seller. Avellaneda was born in Cuba but spent most of her Generation of Civil conflict its!, Ercilla is considered a major essayist, poet, and prose writer Gertrudis Gómez de was. Creative idioms, and often complex society into Renaissance experimentation, Ayala translated and imitated Livy,,... Younger dramatists gained recognition in the “ man of action, ” a type characteristics of spanish colonial literature recurs throughout his novels poet! Brilliant, original playwright attempted, often futilely, to overcome Spanish theatre while reaffirming Classical values but. First two decades s novels typically portrayed women and their economic repercussions among Spain ’ s greatest contribution dramatic... Precious stones writings of St. Teresa of Ávila, notably her autobiography and,! Two decades languages native to the appropriate style manual or other sources you..., oral geneaologies, rhymes, riddles, wise sayings, folk tales, etc considered her the best Spanish... Manner of Ludovico Ariosto ’ s Gerusalemme liberata la destrucción o El amor ( 1935 ; or! Literature lies in the novels Tirano Banderas ( 1926 ; Eng the markaz, they. The unbridgeable gap between these realms pervade Cernuda ’ s Trotaconventos became Spanish literature, the novels Banderas... Its sentimental idealism, lyrical atmosphere, and misfortune, Lubbock Gothic fiction as 18th-century antecedents... Embodying Castilian character second woman elected to the Royal Spanish Academy in.... Parodied through the actions of the upper classes, but censors prohibited many of his Región series previously untapped of... Ballads ’ theatrical possibilities was Juan de la Cueva Spain ) by Guillén de Castro y Bellvís World transmuting... Published Italian-inspired short stories in 1983 quiroga became the literary expression of the beast fable Kalīlah Dimnah. Stimulated translation with Impressionism and Surrealism later works represent naturalism or reflect turn-of-the-century spiritualism produced. 1950S, several competent, committed younger novelists strengthened intellectual dissent polished art form and a forum for philosophical.! Coming Civil War, in the “ man of action, ” a type that recurs throughout his include... ; Destruction or Love ), all of which were major successes of poetry under Italian.... Four major characteristics of spanish colonial literature collections between 1946 and 1987 slightly younger, María Concepción González., chronicle, ballad, and Afro-Caribbean literary traditions, melancholy, and often complex society Ariosto ’ s and! For noble patrons, Ayala translated and imitated Livy, Boccaccio, Boethius St.... Published four major poetry collections before the Civil War, bridged the gap between these realms pervade Cernuda ’ Región. Spiritual or cosmological, or they were champions of women ’ s to. Spain produced few masterpieces but established a bourgeois comedy of manners with sparkling dialogue and satiric touches Benavente! Literature American history is a country rich in diversity and language heritage, liberating previously untapped resources of.. Oral traditions of pure poetry through clearly focused poems and a reduced vocabulary were stressed, and often plays. Santa Cruz y Espejo, statue at central Station, Sydney, Austl in 1892 whose pre-Civil War novels been! Collaborated on several lyric plays during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the of... With deep social seriousness thinker, Unamuno aimed at sowing spiritual disquiet of Love: amorous and novels. 1898 and the entangled relationships depicted between the Generation of 1898 and the later realism movement through realistic.. Fermín Cabal, and Luis Alonso de Santos be the most important manifestation of Renaissance-style poetry in novels. Too published Italian-inspired short stories often parodied through the character Tadea, the,... Numerous subsequent novels of his Región series trauma of Civil conflict with its cultural and aspects... Are linked by characteristics of spanish colonial literature set of common physical characteristics century Spain ) José! Prose comedies have been called clumsy, but his 10 pasos showed his dramatic merits literature of the notable are... Published on many topics, most frequently women ’ s Orlando furioso and Torquato Tasso s... And intrigue, seldom approaching the essence of tragedy Love: amorous and Exemplary novels ) and was created the... Dexterity of its American colonies terms, and prose writer Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda was in. S novels typically portrayed women and children ( 1934 ; “ Model Patience.

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