atrazine mechanism of action

Another nonresidual herbicide very widely used in ecofallow is glyphosate. The contribution of nontriazine herbicides to ecofallow is to extend the range of weed species and sizes that are controlled. The distribution and mechanism … Paraquat is a nonresidual herbicide that burns down emerged weeds more rapidly and completely when applied with atrazine than either herbicide does alone. Empirical effects of the herbicide atrazine (the induction of hemoglobin) were suggestive of a common mechanism of action with the insecticide pyriproxyfen. 1. In this review, we summarize our laboratory's work evaluating the neuroendocrine toxicity of atrazine (and related chlorotriazines) from an historic perspective. Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health, "Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: Consistent effects across vertebrate classes", Triazine Cumulative Risk Assessment and Atrazine, Simazine, and Propazine Decisions, EPA Begins New Scientific Evaluation of Atrazine, Atrazine Updates: Scientific Peer Review—Human Health, "Refined Ecological Risk Assesment for Atrazine", "Debating How Much Weed Killer Is Safe in Your Water Glass", "Atrazine reduces reproduction in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)", 2004/248/EC: Commission Decision of 10 March 2004 concerning the non-inclusion of atrazine in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing this active substance (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2004) 731), A Pesticide Banned, or Not, Underscores Trans-Atlantic Trade Sensitivities, "Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report: Six Month Summary List", Twenty Years of University Corn Yield Data: With and Without Atrazine, "Market-level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine in the United States", "Estrogen biology: New insights into GPER function and clinical opportunities", Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Atrazine, "Microbial aspects of atrazine degradation in natural environments", Felix de Lima et al, "Photolytic Degradation of Herbicide Atrazine by Radiation Ultraviolet (UVC): An Application of Green Chemistry", "How the EPA is Ignoring Atrazine Contamination in Surface and Drinking Water in the Central United States", Atrazine and Cancer Incidence Among Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (1994–2007), "Chemical Hazards in Drinking Water - Atrazine", "Atrazine and pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review of epidemiologic evidence", "Popular Pesticide Faulted for Frogs' Sexual Abnormalities", "Atrazine-Induced Hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American Leopard Frogs", "Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Atrazine Causes Degranulation through Gq/11 Protein-Coupled Neurosteroid Receptor in Mast Cells", "There Is No Denying This: Defusing the Confusion about Atrazine", 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1138:TINDTD]2.0.CO;2, "Does Atrazine Influence Larval Development and Sexual Differentiation in Xenopus laevis? In tolerant corn, the primary factor providing tolerance is the activity of a soluble glutathione S‐transferase (GST) that detoxifies atrazine by forming an atrazine–glutathione conjugate ( … In fact, the most common pathway for atrazine degradation involves the intermediate, cyanuric acid, in which carbon is fully oxidized, thus the ring is primarily a nitrogen source for aerobic microorganisms. A study in rats examining the impact of ATR (75 mg kg− 1) exposure or exposure to the ATR metabolites desisopropylatrazine (DIA) and diamino-s-chlorotriazine (DACT) at equimolar dosages demonstrated increased both ATR and DIA increased circulating P4 but this effect was not observed in the DACT-treated females (Fraites et al., 2009). Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. It has a role as a herbicide, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. [54], The EPA's Scientific Advisory Panel examined relevant studies and concluded in 2010, "atrazine does not adversely affect amphibian gonadal development based on a review of laboratory and field studies". Requirements for Herbicide Activity Contact with the target weed Absorption into the plant ... Atrazine, Command, Balance. Every year atrazine is applied to over 50 million acres of agricultural land, mostly corn fields in the Midwestern U.S. The distribution and mechanism … Fat bodies were also reduced in both male and female tadpoles. ADP, the Atz genes are located noncontiguously on a plasmid with the genes for mercury catabolism. In addition, ATR increased the level of ovarian cytochrome P450 11A1 (Cyp11a1), Cyp19a1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd3b), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd17b) but decreased the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) level (Qin et al., 2015). Atrazine exposure has been shown to result in delays or changes in pubertal development in female rats; conflicting results have been observed in males. The soil-residual activity of triazine herbicides is influenced greatly by soil pH, moisture, and texture (Vencill, 2002). [35] The insertion elements flanking each gene suggest that they are involved in the assembly of this specialized catabolic pathway. Moreover, the compound has a limited volatilization potential and is only moderately susceptible to aerobic biodegradation, which is the main route of dissipation of atrazine. All four have soil-residual activity, with cyanazine and terbutryn giving excellent weed control for 30–60 days, whereas atrazine and propazine applied at 2 lb/A (2.24 kg/ha) at Garden City, Kansas, may control volunteer wheat and weeds in wheat stubble for 10–12 months (Norwood et al., 1990). [2] In male frogs, exposure to atrazine causes a kind of "chemical castration," causing them to develop female sex characteristics. Atrazine has negative effects on growth, metabolism, immune function, and sexual differentiation in fish and frogs (Hayes, 2005). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. These data indicate that atrazine provides significant levels of control for most of the important weed species that are widely distributed and those that would cause significant corn yield loss if left uncontrolled. EPA MRID Number 458677-04 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) were exposed (approximately 30 tadpoles/replicate with 8 replicates/treatm ent) to atrazine at 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 25 µg/L in FETAX m edia in a static … Zeng Y, Sweeney CL, Stephens S, Kotharu P. (2004). Atrazine.us is a website dedicated to presenting relevant scientific and regulatory information on this important product. Special Report: Syngenta's campaign to protect atrazine, discredit critics. [28] Surface water monitoring data from 20 high atrazine use watersheds found peak atrazine levels up to 147 parts per billion, with daily averages in all cases below 10 parts per billion. RSC … Our results showed that the rates of oocyte maturati … Herein, the mechanism of three paths of hydrolysis reactions in its metabolism and predictions of toxicities of its metabolites in the three paths will be presented. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.w Birth Defects Research (Part B) 80:98–112 (2007) Review Article Atrazine and Reproductive Function: Mode and Mechanism of Action Studies Ralph L. Cooper,1 Susan C. Laws,1 Parikshit C. Das,2 Michael G. Narotsky,1 Jerome M. Goldman,1 E. Lee Tyrey,3 and Tammy E. Stoker1 1 Endocrinology Branch, Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and … The metabolism of atrazine has been investigated in surrogate animals and humans. However, a review by the U.S. EPA found that evidence for such effects in amphibians was weak and inconsistent (U.S. EPA 2007). [50] A 2002 study by Tyrone Hayes, of the University of California, Berkeley, found that exposure caused male tadpoles to turn into hermaphrodites – frogs with both male and female sexual characteristics. Regardless of the mechanism for resistance, becoming familiar with the herbicide mode of action can help design programs that prevent the introduction and spread of herbicide resistant weeds. "The scientists found no hermaphrodite frogs; no increase in aromatase as measured by aromatase mRNA induction; and no increase in vitellogenin, another marker of feminization. [41] Incidence of a birth defect known as gastroschisis appears to be higher in areas where surface water atrazine levels are elevated especially when conception occurs in the spring, the time when atrazine is commonly applied. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these organismal phenotypes are not well understood. Toxic effects of atrazine on porcine oocytes and possible mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize our laboratory's work evaluating the neuroendocrine toxicity of atrazine (and related chlorotriazines) from an historic perspective. Thus, the grower may select an atrazine rate to match the desired duration of residual control and complement the atrazine with paraquat for complete vegetation burndown. Overall, 28277 CWS serving 182 million (99.999%) had multiyear average atrazine concentrations that were either nondetectable or less than the 3.0 ppb MCLs over the 8-year period (Table 29.5). 1912-24-9) is used extensively for the control of broadleaf weeds in agricultural and roadway applications. Atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, and terbutryn were the main triazine herbicides studied for potential use in ecofallow. [47], Atrazine has been a suspected teratogen, with some studies reporting causing demasculinization in male northern leopard frogs even at low concentrations,[48][49] and an endocrine disruptor. In this study, we investigated the effects of atrazine exposure on porcine oocyte maturation and the possible mechanisms. Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used agricultural herbicide and a potential endocrine disruptor that may cause testicular dysgenesis. The biodegradation pathways regarding the microbial … [Ralph L Cooper, Susan C Laws, Parikshit C Das, Michael G Narotsky, Jerome M Goldman, E Lee Tyrey, Tammy E Stoker] PMID 17443714 . Atrazine and cyanazine have good foliar burndown activity on small, emerged weeds when applied with appropriate adjuvants. Atrazine, a chlorotriazine herbicide, is used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. "[10] Deborah A. Cory-Slechta, a professor at the University of Rochester in New York has said in 2014, "The way the E.P.A. [53] A 2005 Syngenta-funded study, requested by EPA and conducted under EPA guidance and inspection, was unable to reproduce Hayes´ results. Large columns are separated by thick white lines. Excessive use of pesticides and herbicides is a major environmental and health concern worldwide. (14C-U-ring) atrazine was added to the soil samples in biometer flasks, and 14CO2 evolution was measured. HERBICIDE MODE OF ACTION TABLE WSSA GROUP MODE OF ACTION CHEMICAL FAMILY (GROUP) ACTIVE INGREDIENTS 5 Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II Triazine ametryne atrazine cyanazine desmetryne dimethametryne prometon prometryne propazine simazine simetryne terbumeton terbuthylazine terbutryne trietazine 5 Triazinone hexazinone … It also has been contended that some herbicides, particularly atrazine, have specific mechanisms of action in aquatic frogs and fish, including developmental abnormalities (Hayes et al. February 23, 2015. Raphi T. Mandelbaum, ... Lawrence P. Wackett, in The Triazine Herbicides, 2008. A potent endocrine disrupter, atrazine interferes with hormonal activity of animals and humans at extremely low doses. Atrazine is more frequently used in formulations or in tank mixtures with other herbicides to broaden the weed control spectrum, particularly with regard to broadleaf species. As required by the EPA, Syngenta conducted two experiments under Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and inspection by EPA and German regulatory authorities, concluding 2009 that "long-term exposure of larval X. laevis to atrazine at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 μg/l does not affect growth, larval development, or sexual differentiation". Atrazine's primary manufacturer is Syngenta and it is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States[2] and Australian agriculture. The mechanism of action for atrazine appears to be due to a herbicide-produced deficiency in the growth regulator photosynthtate, caused by inhibition of photosynthesis. Coupled with the meiotic effects were a reduction in primordial follicle number and increased numbers of multioocyte follicles in ovaries of adult mice (Gely-Pernot et al., 2017). Embryonic exposure to ATR affected meiotic processes in exposed offspring and induced oxidative stress, impacted DNA double strand break repair, as well as chromosome synapsis and crossover numbers. This herbicide can be partially deactivated with some formulations of atrazine, a problem that may be overcome by increasing the rate of glyphosate in the tank mix (Stahlman and Phillips, 1979). [8] EPA's 2009 review[9] concluded that "the agency's scientific bases for its regulation of atrazine are robust and ensure prevention of exposure levels that could lead to reproductive effects in humans". Though the two alkyl moieties readily support growth of certain microorganisms, the atrazine ring is a poor energy source due to the oxidized state of ring carbon. Different effects of atrazine observed between the sexes are not well understood. Gi-protein activation also leads to the activation of KACh channels that increase … In nonmammalian aquatic and avian species, ATR is strongly implicated as an endocrine disruptor and a reproductive toxicant, and as an example, a study in quail discovered that ATR exposure arrested ovarian and oviductal development and increased levels of circulating E2, P4, LH, and PRL while downregulated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (T) (Qin et al., 2015). Atrazine (1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the US for control of broadleaf weeds and grasses in crops of corn, sugar cane, and sorghum. Herbicide Mode of Action. The role of altered blood cell function in atrazine-treated tadpoles is not clear and represents another example of microarray analysis revealing cryptic changes not obvious from gross morphological or histological analysis. [65][66], InChI=1S/C8H14ClN5/c1-4-10-7-12-6(9)13-8(14-7)11-5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3,(H2,10,11,12,13,14), InChI=1/C8H14ClN5/c1-4-10-7-12-6(9)13-8(14-7)11-5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3,(H2,10,11,12,13,14), Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, EPA [ww.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/atrazine/atrazine_update.htm#amphibian Atrazine Updates: Scientific Peer Review—Amphibians] Current as of January 2013. atrazine cyanazine desmetryne dimethametryne prometon prometryne propazine simazine simetryne terbumeton terbuthylazine terbutryne trietazine ... action of herbicides in Group Z is unknown it is likely that they differ in mode of action between themselves and from other groups. Our results showed that the rates of oocyte maturation significantly decreased after treatment with 200 μM atrazine in vitro. for Environmental Health News. It addresses the distribution of such herbicides and their metabolites in the soil and in water bodies, including the conditions that affect their transport mechanisms. Because atrazine is a widely used herbicide, its adverse effects on the reproductive system have been extensively researched. Atrazine applied to manured fields can be very tightly adsorbed to the organic matter of the manure. Gestational exposure to ATR is also a concern and administration of ATR at the higher dose (100 mg kg− 1 day− 1) during gestation days 14–21 in rats reduced female offspring birth weight and delayed vaginal opening (Davis et al., 2011). The 4-hour inhalation LC50 is 5.2 mg/L in rats." [24], Atrazine's effects in humans and animals primarily involve the endocrine system. Group 13 is represented by the chemical family, Isoxazolidinone, and the site of action is at the location of the diterpene synthesis. The atropine mechanism of action is classified as an antiparasympathetic (parasympatholytic), or … Biodegredation Database. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged daily with vehicle (corn oil, control) or atrazine (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body … Atrazine is readily absorbed into leaves, but there is essentially no basipetal translocation out of the treated leaves if applied as a foliar application (Vencill, 2002). [45], A 2011 review of the mammalian reproductive toxicology of atrazine jointly conducted by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concluded that atrazine was not teratogenic. Survey of glyphosate-, atrazine- and lactofen-resistance mechanisms in Ohio waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) populations - Volume 67 Issue 3 - Brent P. Murphy, Alvaro S. Larran, Bruce Ackley, Mark M. Loux, Patrick J. Tranel action” or “herbicide mechanism of action.” ... Kochia resistance to atrazine or Glean is an example of herbicide resistance due to an altered site of action. In this study, we investigated the effects of atrazine exposure on porcine oocyte maturation and the possible mechanisms. [44], Research results from the U.S. National Cancer Institute's 2011 Agricultural Health Study concluded, "there was no consistent evidence of an association between atrazine use and any cancer site". Figure 9.9. Atrazine degrades in soil primarily by the action of microbes. Atropine is a poisonous compound found in the deadly belladonna plant. In 1994, EPA initiated a Special Review of atrazine's potential to cause human cancer through dietary or occupational exposure. Here's what they found and take-home messages to apply to your operation. In Kansas and southward, where the ecofallow season lasts longer than in the north, a glyphosate plus 2,4-D or dicamba application to wheat stubble early in the fallow period controls annual and perennial weeds and volunteer wheat. Atrazine is a broad-leaf, pre-emergence herbicide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these organismal phenotypes are not well understood. In certain strains of rats, 39 The information is being presented to enable the public, the press and decision-makers at all levels of government to make decisions based on sound science and in accordance with the principles of the Data Quality Act. The agricultural site received atrazine applications for about 25 years before the study. There is the increased risks for tumors known to be associated with hormonal factors. Alternatively, the authors suggested that atrazine may reduce food consumption thus indirectly leading to altered gene regulation of metabolism genes. Atrazine is used in all corn-growing regions of the United States. In this review, we summarize our laboratory's work evaluating the neuroendocrine toxicity of atrazine (and related chlorotriazines) from an historic perspective. According to the ATSDR, one of the primary ways that atrazine can affect a person's health is "by altering the way that the reproductive system works. The continuous corn mineralization data suggest that under certain conditions a single annual atrazine application sustains an active microbial community throughout the year. Atrazine, one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, acts as an endocrine disruptor, but the mechanism of its action has not been characterized. Atrazine is widely used regardless of the tillage system used by the corn growers. Atrazine has been implicated in reproductive dysfunction of exposed organisms, and previous studies documented decreased egg production in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) during 30‐d to 38‐d exposures to 0.5 µg/L, 5 µg/L, and 50 µg/L atrazine.The authors evaluated possible mechanisms underlying the reduction in egg production. Atrazine, a chlorotriazine herbicide, is used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. In Pseudomonas sp. Tyrone Hayes’ now returns paid results from groups like AgSense, an agribusiness coalition that leads its critique of Hayes by quoting his ‘propriety and professionalism’ outburst.”[64], In 2012, Syngenta, manufacturer of atrazine, was the defendant in a class-action lawsuit concerning the levels of atrazine in human water supplies. David L. Regehr, Charles A. Norwood, in The Triazine Herbicides, 2008. [3], As of 2001[update], atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide contaminating drinking water in the U.S.[4]:44 Studies suggest it is an endocrine disruptor, an agent that can alter the natural hormonal system. Timing Effects on Annual Weed Control Emergence Seedling … However, the cause of death was not determined. Parallel samples from crop rotations showed 15% to 30% atrazine mineralization, while samples from the control soils showed 3% to 7% 14CO2 evolution within 80 days of incubation. Another major advantage of atrazine is its low cost – approximately $4/A ($10/ha) (Witt et al., 1993). A reanalysis of these microarray data looking for up- or downregulated metabolic pathways found genes involved in increased fat usage and protein degradation and decreased storage of fat, protein synthesis, and glucose conversion to energy (Zaya, Amini, Whitaker, & Ide, 2011). Eighty million pounds are applied to soils annually in the United States, more than any other herbicide. "[2], A Natural Resources Defense Council report from 2009 said that the EPA is ignoring atrazine contamination in surface and drinking water in the central United States. Atrazine (chemical name 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine, CAS No. In this study, we investigated the effects of atrazine exposure on porcine oocyte maturation and the possible mechanisms. Systemic Herbicides. In general, injury symptoms will be most prominent at the site where the mobile herbicides concentrate. During the 1990s, EPA reviewed the available data and tentatively concluded that there may be a plausible mechanism of action for atrazine to … PDF | Because atrazine is a widely used herbicide, its adverse effects on the reproductive system have been extensively researched. Researchershypothesize tha… Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to (i) determine the response of atrazine- and HPPD inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth to The company denied all wrongdoing. Atrazine and reproductive function: mode and mechanism of action studies. Accessed March 15, 2014. Thus, the route of TAR exposure is worth considering when assessing reproductive endpoints. Shanthi Ganesan, ... Aileen F. Keating, in Encyclopedia of Reproduction (Second Edition), 2018. Reproductive effects in rats and rabbits were only seen at doses that were toxic to the mother. This chapter is a review of literature concerning the fate of chloro-s-triazine herbicides, particularly atrazine, in the environment. The genes identified were involved in growth and metabolism genes, proteolysis, fibrinogen complex formation, and immune system function. The average number of herbicide applications on the typical US corn crop is 1.5 (USDA ERS, 1997a). The 4-hour inhalation LC50 is 5.2 mg/L in rats." [33] Low concentrations of glucose can decrease the bioavailability, whereas higher concentrations promote the catabolism of atrazine. Atropine is used as a muscle relaxant that inhibits nerve responses and for dilating the pupil of the eye. These changes correlate with morphological effects of atrazine, and could be due to a direct effect of atrazine in these genes at the transcriptional level. [59][60], In 2010, the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) tentatively concluded that environmental atrazine "at existing levels of exposure" was not affecting amphibian populations in Australia consistent with the 2007 EPA findings. There are several types of reactions in its metabolism. Atrazine may be catabolized as a carbon and nitrogen source in reducing environments, and some aerobic atrazine degraders have been shown to use the compound for growth under anoxia in the presence of nitrate as an electron acceptor,[32] a process referred to as a denitrification. Estimates of the frequency and extent of atrazine use in corn by leading states are shown in Table 34.2. The study tracked 57,310 licensed pesticide applicators over 13 years. The dermal LD50 in rabbits is 7500 mg/kg and greater than 3000 mg/kg in rats. Timing Effects on Annual Weed Control Emergence Seedling Vegetative Flowering Maturity Growth Stage 3:10-cv-00188-JPG-PMF. [10] However, in their 2016 Refined Ecological Risk Assessment for Atrazine, it was stated that "it is difficult to make definitive conclusions about the impact of atrazine at a given concentration but multiple studies have reported effects to various endpoints at environmentally-relevant concentrations. These have been observed in both animals and human beings, and are consistent with the known effects of atrazine on the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis. Table 34.1b presents estimates of the infestation of these important weeds in Illinois and of the potential yield loss that would occur if these weed species were uncontrolled. tests chemicals can vastly underestimate risks." Influence of solution pH on degradation of atrazine during UV and UV/H 2 O 2 oxidation: Kinetics, mechanism, and degradation pathways. Human exposure to atrazine is linked to a number of serious health effects. When applied post-emergence, atrazine will successfully control many grass and most broadleaf weed species if applied when the weeds are relatively small. Atrazine and reproductive function: Mode and mechanism of action studies April 2007 Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 80(2):98-112 In this study, we investigated the effects of atrazine exposure on porcine oocyte maturation and the possible mechanisms. [4]:44 Studies suggest it is an endocrine disruptor, an agent that can alter the natural hormonal system. Epidemiological studies in humans which have examined ATR levels in drinking water have associated ATR exposure with increased risk for preterm birth (Stayner et al., 2017), as well as abdominal defects and gastroschisis in exposed offspring (Brender and Weyer, 2016). The large columns and colors are made to simplify the herbicide classification. Atrazine … 4 2 9 5 14 HERBICIDE CLASSIFICATION byACTION MODE OF (effect on plant growth) This chart groups herbicides by their modes of action to assist you by PREMIX in selecting herbicides 1) to maintain greater diversity in herbicide use and 2) to rotate among effective herbicides with different sites of action to delay the development of herbicide resistance. Atrazine is highly persistent in the environment due to its resistance to abiotic hydrolysis (stable at pHs 5, 7, and 9) and to direct aqueous photolysis (stable under sunlight at pH 7). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Atrazine is a diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diaminesubstituted by a chlorogroup at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each aminogroup is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.w Birth Defects Research (Part B) 80:98–112 (2007) Review Article Atrazine and Reproductive Function: Mode and Mechanism of Action Studies Ralph L. Cooper,1 Susan C. Laws,1 Parikshit C. Das,2 Michael G. Narotsky,1 Jerome M. Goldman,1 E. Lee Tyrey,3 and Tammy E. Stoker1 1 Endocrinology Branch, Reproductive Toxicology Division, National … Resistance to atrazine (a photosystem II [PSII] inhibitor) is prevalent in waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.)

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